- Family:
- Malvaceae Juss.
- Genus:
- Abelmoschus Medik.
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
Okra is a cultigen (a plant that has been altered by humans through a process of selective breeding). The exact origin of okra is unknown, but it is thought to have come from Africa, where it has been grown as a crop for centuries. Evidence suggests it was grown in Egypt as long ago as 2,000 BC. Today it is widely cultivated for its edible green fruits, which are harvested when immature (after 3-5 days of development), and are infamous for their slimy mucilage.

[FZ]
Malvaceae, A. W. Exell. Flora Zambesiaca 1:2. 1961
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual herb up to 2 m. tall; stems succulent, setulose.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaf-lamina up to 25 × 25 cm., suborbicular in outline, palmatifid, -lobed or -sect, sparsely to densely setulose or setose-pilose on both surfaces especially on the nerves, margins serrate, base cuneate to cordate; petiole up to 30 cm. long; stipules up to 15 mm. long, filiform, densely pilose.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers up to 8 cm. in diam., yellow with purple centre; peduncle 1–4 cm. long, stout, thickened in fruit.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Epicalyx
- Epicalyx of 10–12 bracts; bracts up to 25 × 2·5 mm., narrowly linear-triangular, caducous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx 3–4 cm. long, with 5 short linear teeth.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals up to 7–8 cm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Staminal tube 12–20 mm. long; free parts of filaments up to 0·5 mm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Style projecting up to 1 mm. beyond the staminal tube.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule up to 14 cm. long, ellipsoid to very narrowly ellipsoid, at first appressed-setose and pubescent, later glabrescent.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds 5 × 4 mm., depressed-globose, slightly humped, with concentric lines of minute stellate hairs or scales and sometimes pilose.
[FTEA]
Malvaceae, Bernard Verdcourt & Geoffrey Mwachala. Pavonia, B Verdcourt; Kosteletzkya, OJ Blanchard Jr.; Gossypium, P Fryxell & B Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 2009
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule fusiform, 7–25 (?–30) cm long, 1.3–3 cm diameter, rounded or ± angular, sulcate, with scattered simple hairs or glabrous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds dark brown or grey, 5–15 per cell, depressed globose to reniform, 3–6 mm long, striped, with concentric lines of minute stellate hairs, minutely warty, glabrous or pilose
- Figures
- Fig 12, p 77
- Ecology
- Open grassland, seasonally flooded plains with Panicum etc.; also in flood plains within Brachystegia woodland; cultivated in Uganda and West Tanzania; near sea-level–900 m
- Type
- Type: ‘India’, Linnean Herb 873.31 (LINN, lecto.)
- Morphology General Habit
- Stout erect annual herb, 0.5–2.7 m tall.
- Morphology Stem
- Stems sometimes tinged red, often fistular, setulose with stiff simple hairs, becoming woody at base
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves elliptic to round in outline, 5–25 × 5–30 cm, cordate at base, angular or 5–7-lobed, the lobes triangular, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, coarsely serrate to crenate, with scattered stiff simple hairs on both sides; petiole 5–35 cm long; stipules 5–15 mm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers solitary in the leaf axils; pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, accrescent to 2.5(–5) cm long; epicalyx lobes 7–10(–12), linear to lanceolate, 0.5–18(–25) × 1–2.5 mm, falling when capsule dehisces; calyx 2–3(–4) cm long, acuminate in bud, rough with stiff simple hairs, with 5 short linear teeth
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla white or mostly yellow with dark purple centre; petals obovate, 3.5–4.5 (?–8) × 3–4 cm; ovary conical to ovoid, 1.2 cm long, 5(–9)-locular
- Distribution
- Range: Very widely cultivated throughout the tropics and not truly wild anywhere for certain, but almost certainly of tropical Asian origin and not from Africa as stated in several crop books. Naturalized, especially in Ufipa District Flora districts: U1 T1 T4
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 20 - 1500 m.; Amazonia, Andes, Islas Caribeñas, Pacífico.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba
[KSP]
Kew Species Profiles
- General Description
-
Okra is a cultigen (a plant that has been altered by humans through a process of selective breeding). The exact origin of okra is unknown, but it is thought to have come from Africa, where it has been grown as a crop for centuries. Evidence suggests it was grown in Egypt as long ago as 2,000 BC. Today it is widely cultivated for its edible green fruits, which are harvested when immature (after 3-5 days of development), and are infamous for their slimy mucilage.
Abelmoschus esculentus is also known by the synonym Hibiscus esculentus and the common name lady's fingers, thought to be a fanciful reference to the slender, finger-shaped fruits of some cultivars.
The Malvaceae plant family, of which okra is a member, contains many economically important plants. These include cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), ornamental Hibiscus species, the genus Ceiba (from which kapok fibre is derived), durian fruit (Durio zibethinus) and balsawood (Ochroma pyramidale).
- Species Profile
-
Geography and distribution
Available evidence suggests that okra originated in Africa, where the vast majority of primitive forms and wild relatives are found. It is thought likely to have come from the Sahel region, south of the Sahara (from Mali eastwards to Ethiopia).
Many publications give India as the country of origin, but this is more likely to be a reflection of where it is currently used. There are no names for okra in the classical languages of the Indo-Persian area, suggesting that it probably did not originate there. Later it was introduced to the Americas during the slave trade.
Okra is widespread in cultivation in the tropics, subtropics and warmer temperate zones. It is particularly popular in Africa, India, the Philippines, Thailand, Brazil, Turkey, Spain and the southern USA. It is naturalised in some areas.
The related species West African okra ( Abelmoschus manihot ) is restricted to the humid and perhumid (wettest) climates of Africa.
DescriptionOverview: An annual, erect herb up to 5 m (but typically about 2 m) tall. Stems succulent with scattered, stiff hairs. The whole plant has an aromatic smell resembling cloves.
Leaves: Up to 50 cm wide and 35 cm long, deeply lobed, with toothed margins, hairy on both surfaces, especially on the nerves. Each leaf is borne on a petiole (leaf stalk) up to 50 cm long.
Flowers: Showy, up to 8 cm in diameter, usually yellow with a dark red, purple or mauve centre, borne on a stout flower stalk (peduncle) up to 4 cm long. Stamens (male parts) united into a white, hairless column up to 2.5 cm long. Stigmas (female parts) dark purple. Calyx (whorl of sepals) and epicalyx (whorl of bracts) both present.
Fruits: A capsule, 10-20 cm long, roughly circular in cross-section with a pointed end, usually 5-ribbed, borne at the leaf axils. Immature fruit can be purple-red, reddish-green, dark green, pale green or yellow. At maturity, fruits turn brown and split into segments.
Seeds: Each fruit has up to 100 spherical or ovoid seeds bearing minute warts in concentric rows.
Many cultivars are available, for example 'Clemson Spineless', 'Indiana', 'Emerald' (USA) and 'Pusa Sawani' (India).
Uses Food and drinkOkra is widely used in African, Indian, Middle Eastern and Caribbean cuisine and is also popular in southern parts of the USA (where it is the key ingredient in gumbo).
Immature fruits are usually boiled, but also fried, steamed, grilled, battered or eaten raw. Fruits are preserved by pickling, or drying and grinding into powder. They are used to make soups, sauces, stews, curries and even salads. Okra is high in fibre and rich in vitamins and minerals, including calcium and vitamin C.
The pods have a unique flavour and texture and release slimy mucilage on cooking, which can be used to thicken sauces and add smoothness to soups. Okra mucilage has also been used in confectionery and for clarifying sugar cane juice to make molasses in India. The slimy texture is not to everyone's taste and can be reduced by cooking in salted water.
Young leaves are sometimes used as a vegetable, in a similar manner to spinach, particularly in West Africa and Southeast Asia. Okra leaves are sometimes dried and ground into powder for storage. Flower buds and petals are sometimes eaten in times of food shortage.
Okra seeds are often used in place of dried peas, beans or lentils in rice dishes and soups. In Nigeria, seeds are prepared into a food known as dandawan betso . In India, okra seeds are eaten in curries and chutneys.
Roasted okra seeds are ground and used as a substitute for coffee in some areas. Considered by some to be one of the best coffee substitutes known, it was once widely used in Central America, Africa and Malaysia.
Traditional medicineLeaves and immature fruit have long been used in the East in poultices and applied to relieve pain, moisturise skin, induce sweating, prevent scurvy and treat urinary disorders. In Congo-Brazzaville, a leaf decoction is given for heart pains and to promote delivery during childbirth. Okra root has been used to treat syphilis in Malaya.
Okra mucilage has been used as a plasma replacement and blood volume expander.To obtain the mucilage, slices of immature pods are placed in water, which is then boiled. The mucilage is an acidic polysaccharide composed of galacturonic acid, rhamnose and glucose and tends to break down when overheated.
FibreOkra bark yields silky fibre, which is easy to extract. It is white to yellow in colour and strong but rather coarse.
It can be spun into yarn, rope and sacking and has been used for fishing lines, game traps and hammocks in West Tropical Africa. It has also been used in paper and cardboard production.
Other usesOkra leaves and seed-cake are sometimes used as cattle feed, and the leafy tops are grazed by stock and game.
Okra mucilage has been added as size to glaze paper in China.
Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storageThe Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plant life worldwide, focusing on plants under threat and those of most use in the future. Seeds are dried, packaged and stored at a sub-zero temperature in our seed bank vault.
A collection of Abelmoschus esculentus seeds is held in Kew's Millennium Seed Bank based at Wakehurst in West Sussex.
This species at Kew
Dried and spirit-preserved specimens of Abelmoschus esculentus are held in Kew's Herbarium where they are available to researchers by appointment. The details of some of these specimens can be seen online in Kew's Herbarium Catalogue.
Specimens of the seeds and fruits of okra, as well as fibres obtained from it, and paper and rope made from it, are held in Kew's Economic Botany Collection in the Sir Joseph Banks Building, where they are available to researchers by appointment.
Kew's illustration collection includes a painting of okra by Victorian artist Marianne North. The title is Some Fruits and Vegetables used in Brazil , and notes included the following: 'In front the Ochro ( Hibiscus esculentus L.), the seed-vessels of which are used in thickening soups'.
- Distribution
- Ethiopia, Mali, Niger
- Conservation
- Widespread in cultivation.
- Hazards
-
Irritating hairs are sometimes present on leaves and stems, and traces of alkaloid have been reported in leaves.
[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- algalia, almizclillo, angelonia, argalia, candia, chimbombó, gicombo, gombo, guicombo, lagarto, malvisco, monito, morito, ocra, ocro, quimbombó
[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Amazonia, Andean, Caribbean, Pacific. Elevation range: 20–1500 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Cauca, Putumayo, San Andrés y Providencia.
- Habit
- Herb.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, shrubland, wetlands (inland), artificial - terrestrial.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Stout annual herb, up to 2.5 m tall; young stems with short stiff simple hairs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaf-blades suborbicular in outline, up to c. 25 x 25 cm, 5–7-lobed or parted, with short stiff simple hairs on both surfaces; petiole up to 30 cm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers in leaf axils
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Epicalyx
- Epicalyx bracts 7–12, linear to lanceolate, up to 25 mm long, present at time of flowering but later falling off
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx acuminate in bud, 3–4 cm long, rough outside
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals yellow or white with dark purple base, 4–8 cm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, usually 8 cm or more long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds c. 5 mm long, depressed-globose, with concentric lines, sometimes pilose.
- Distribution
- In Somalia grown at least in N3, S2 and S3. Native of tropical Asia
- Vernacular
- Baamiya (Somali), okra.
[FWTA]
Malvaceae, Hutchinson and Dalziel. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:2. 1958
- Morphology General Habit
- A cultivated, or subspontaneous herb
- Morphology Leaves
- Long-stalked, usually 5-lobed leaves
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers large, yellow, with purple or red centre.
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses.
- Use Fuel
- Used for fuels.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Poisons
- Poisons.
- Use Social
- Social uses.
[FSOM]
- Use
- Now widely cultivated throughout the tropics for its edible fruits and occasionally naturalized
Native to:
Bangladesh, India, Myanmar
Introduced into:
Alabama, Albania, Andaman Is., Angola, Assam, Bahamas, Benin, Borneo, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Caroline Is., Cayman Is., Central African Repu, Chad, China South-Central, China Southeast, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Eritrea, Fiji, Florida, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hainan, Haiti, Illinois, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jawa, Krym, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Leeward Is., Louisiana, Malaya, Mali, Marianas, Marshall Is., Mauritania, Mexico Southwest, Mississippi, Mozambique, Nicobar Is., Niger, Nigeria, North Carolina, Northern Provinces, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Carolina, South European Russi, Southwest Caribbean, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Vietnam, Virginia, Windward Is., Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
- Abelmoschus bammia Webb
- Abelmoschus longifolius (Willd.) Kostel.
- Abelmoschus officinalis (DC.) Endl.
- Abelmoschus praecox (Forssk.) Sickenb.
- Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & Singh
- Abelmoschus tuberculatus var. deltoidefolius T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar
- Hibiscus bammia Tozzetti
- Hibiscus esculentus L.
- Hibiscus ficifolius Mill.
- Hibiscus hispidissimus A.Chev.
- Hibiscus longifolius Willd.
- Hibiscus praecox Forssk.
- English
- Okra
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kenya | 7171.000 | No | |||
Hibiscus esculentus | 11826.000 | No | |||
Milne-Redhead, E. [2778], Zambia | Hibiscus esculentus | 38500.000 | No | ||
Menendez, F. [404], Mexico | Hibiscus esculentus | K001035803 | No | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2699] | Hibiscus longifolius | K001116831 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2699] | Hibiscus longifolius | K001116833 | Yes | ||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2699] | Hibiscus longifolius | K001116832 | Yes |
First published in Methodus: 617 (1794)
Accepted by
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- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
- Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Brundu, G. & Camarda, I. (2013). The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis PhytoKeys 23: 1-18.
- Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.
- Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau) Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
- Cervantes Aceves, N. (1992). La Familia Malvaceae en el Estado de Jalisco, Mexico: 1-393. Editorial Universidad de Guadalajara.
- Chayamarit, K. & Balslev, H. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Thailand 14(2): 185-358. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1997). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 11: 1-420. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
- Edwards, S., Tadesse, M. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(2): 1-456. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Exell, A.W. & Wild, H. (eds.) (1961). Flora Zambesiaca 1(2): 337-581. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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- Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe Bothalia, A Journal of Botanical Research 41: 41-82.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2015). Flora of North America North of Mexico 6: 1-468. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
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- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Ghazanfar, S.A. (1992). An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman and their Vernacular names Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153.
- Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 529. MIM, Deurne.
- Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (2001). Flora of Bhutan 2: 1-1675. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
- Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
- Lejoly, J. & Geerinck, D. (2010). Flore de la Tshopo (RD Congo): Familles des Malvaceae, Orchidaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae Taxonomania 29: 1-41.
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Literature
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Kew Species Profiles
- Burkill, H. M. (1997). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, 2nd Edition, Volume 4, Families M–R. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK.
- Düzyaman, E. (2010) Okra: botany and horticulture. In: Horticultural Reviews, Volume 21, ed. J. Janick, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Oxford, UK.
- Mabberley, D. J. (2008). Mabberley’s Plant-book: a Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- National Research Council (2006). Lost Crops of Africa, Volume 2: Vegetables. The National Academies Press, Washington D.C.
- Siemonsma, J. S. & Kouamé, C. (2004). Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (eds), PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.
- Van Wyk, B-E. (2005). Food Plants of the World: An Illustrated Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon.
- Vaughan, J. G. & Geissler, C. A. (2009). The New Oxford Book of Food Plants. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Abedin, S. (1979). Flora of West Pakistan 130: 1-107.
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
- Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
- Boudet, G., Lebrun, J.P. & Demange, R. (1986). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Mali: 1-465. Etudes d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux.
- Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(1): 1-85. ORSTROM, Bangui.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.
- Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau) Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
- Chayamarit, K. & Balslev, H. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Thailand 14(2): 185-358. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Art and Illustrations in Digifolia
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