- Family:
- Malvaceae Juss.
- Genus:
- Hibiscus L.
Hibiscus cannabinus L.

[FTEA]
Malvaceae, Bernard Verdcourt & Geoffrey Mwachala. Pavonia, B Verdcourt; Kosteletzkya, OJ Blanchard Jr.; Gossypium, P Fryxell & B Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 2009
- Type
- Neotype: “Alcea Bengalensis spinosissima” in Commelin, Hort. Med. Amstelod. Pl. Rar., 1: 35, t. 18, 1697, designated by Wijnands in Bot. Commelins: 144 (1983)
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual herb up to 3 m tall.
- Morphology Stem
- Stems aculeate with small sparse prickles usually pointing upwards, otherwise nearly glabrous or with a longitudinal line of crisped pubescence changing its radial position at each node
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves narrowly ovate, ovate or suborbicular in outline, 3–17 × 3–20 cm, unlobed to 3–7-palmatisect to palmatilobed, apex acute, base broadly cuneate to shallowly cordate, margin serrate or dentate, rarely subentire, scaberulous or almost glabrous with a few minute prickles on the veins, usually with a prominent gland on the undersurface near the base of the midrib; petiole 6–22 cm long, prickly with a line of pubescence, like the stem; stipules narrowly linear to filiform, 4–5 mm long, caducous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers solitary in the leaf axils, pedicel 2-6 mm long, articulated at base, aculeate or hispid; epicalyx of 7–8 linear bracts 5–10 × 1–1.5 mm, joined to calyx for about 2 mm at base; calyx lobes 10–20 × 3–5 mm, long-acuminate (sometimes subcaudate) joined for up to a third of their length from the base, aculeate or hispid outside especially near the margin, margin sometimes with a woolly tomentum, usually with a prominent gland 1.5–2 mm in diameter on midrib
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla deep purple, pale yellow or white, 3–8 cm long, whitish or greyish pubescent outside, glabrous within.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Staminal tube 2–4 cm long; filaments 13 mm long; exserted part of style 3–6 mm long, glabrous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule ovoid-acuminate, 13–18 mm long, 9–12 mm in diameter, appressed setose.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds irregularly subreniform, 3–3.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, sparsely to densely covered with truncate scales.
- Ecology
- Grassland, bushland, wooded grassland and forest margins; 0–2000 m
- Note
- Following a suggestion by Borssum Waalkes (in Blumea 14: 63. 1966), Wijnands treated a Commelin plate as the lectotype. However, this is not cited in the protologue (though it was added in the later account in Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 979. 1763). It is therefore not original material for the name but, in the absence of any original material at all (sheet 875.27 (LINN) is original material for Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), Wijnands’ statement is treated as correctable to a neotypification (Art. 9.8). Several strains of Hibiscus cannabinus were introduced in the Amani plantations by the Germans in the early part of the twentieth century. Some of these were later introduced in other parts of the Flora area and have become naturalized. These are generally not aculeate or very sparsely so, and may have unlobed or palmatilobed leaves. Wild Hibiscus cannabinus appears to get less aculeate the further South from Kenya one travels. Tanner 4303 (K) is probably an undescribed species, but the material available is too poor for a formal diagnosis.
- Distribution
- Flora districts: U1 U2 U3 U4 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Z Range: Most of Africa and extending to India
[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Caribbean. Elevation range: 420–1088 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Colombian departments: Magdalena, Tolima, Valle del Cauca.
- Habit
- Herb, Subshrub.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: shrubland, artificial - terrestrial.
[FWTA]
Malvaceae, Hutchinson and Dalziel. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:2. 1958
- Morphology General Habit
- An erect annual, to 15 ft. high
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers large, yellow with a red-purple centre
- Note
- Cultivated as a fibre plant, and naturalized.
[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- rosella, yute de Java
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Epicalyx
- Epicalyx bracts 7–8, 5–18 x 1–2 mm, linear or lanceolate, entire
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx 13–25 mm long; lobes narrowly triangular, acuminate, setose, with prominent central nerve and 2 submarginal nerves, the central with a conspicuous gland
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals 3–6 cm long, whitish or pale yellow, with purple base
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Staminal tube c. 15 mm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule 10–25 mm long, ovoid-acuminate, setose
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds c. 4 mm long, glabrous or with scattered hairs.
- Distribution
- N1; S1–3 widespread in tropical and subtropical regions.
- Ecology
- Altitude range 20–1800 m.
- Vernacular
- Balambal, edi libah (Somali)
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual herb, up to c. 2 m tall; stems sparsely to densely prickly with prickles usually pointing upwards, otherwise glabrous or with a longitudinal line of crisped hairs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves glabrous to puberulous or with a few minute prickles on the nerves; petiole 3–22 cm long; blade broadly ovate to suborbicular in outline, c. 4–20 x 3–20 cm, deeply 3–7-lobed or some entire, broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base, lobes lanceolate to ovate, acute to acuminate, with serrate to dentate or subentire margins
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Flowers in leaf axils or in racemes; pedicels 2–10 mm long, articulated at the base, setose
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 420 - 1088 m.; Llanura del Caribe, Valle del Cauca, Valle del Magdalena.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba, subarbusto
[FZ]
Malvaceae, A. W. Exell. Flora Zambesiaca 1:2. 1961
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual herb up to c. 2 m. tall; stems aculeate with small rather sparse prickles usually pointing upwards, otherwise nearly glabrous or with a longitudinal line of crisped pubescence changing its radial position at each node.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaf-lamina up to c. 15 × 15 cm., usually suborbicular in outline, scaberulous or almost glabrous with a few minute prickles on the nerves, 3–7-palmatisect to palmate-lobed, often somewhat pedate (usually nearly entire in seedlings and sometimes near the apex of the stems), apex acute, margin serrate or dentate, rarely subentire, base broadly cuneate to shallowly cordate, usually with a prominent gland on the under surface near the base of the midrib, lobes elliptic to entire; petiole up to 22 cm. long, hairy like the stems; stipules 4·5 mm. long, narrowly linear to filiform, very caducous (rarely seen on dried specimens).
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers up to 10 cm. in diam., usually pale yellow, whitish or greyish, with purple centre, solitary, axillary or in racemes by the reduction of the upper leaves; peduncle 2–6 mm. long, aculeate or setose.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Epicalyx
- Epicalyx of 7–8 bracts, bracts up to 18 mm. long, linear, joined for about 2 mm. at the base.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx up to 20·5 cm. long, 10-nerved, setose; lobes long, acuminate (sometimes subcaudate), joined for up to 5 mm. at the base, aculeate or setose outside especially near the margin, margin sometimes with a woolly tomentum, usually with a prominent gland 1·5–2 mm. in diam. on the midrib.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals up to 6 × 4·5 cm., obovate, pubescent outside, glabrous within.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Staminal tube up to 23 mm. long; free parts of filaments 1–2 mm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Style-branches 2–3·5 mm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Capsule up to 20 × 15 mm., ovoid-acuminate, appressed-setose.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds 3–3·5 × 1·5–2·5 mm., irregularly subreniform, minutely faveolate.
[FWTA]
Malvaceae, Hutchinson and Dalziel. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:2. 1958
- Morphology General Habit
- Erect fibrous herb to 8 ft. high, often red-tinged in parts
- Morphology General Spines
- Armed with small spine-tipped tubercles
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers yellow with purple centre
- Ecology
- Probably native in savannah areas.
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses.
- Use Fuel
- Used for fuels.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Social
- Social uses.
[FSOM]
- Use
- The young leaves and flowers may be cooked and eaten as vegetables. H. cannabinus is grown as a fiber-plant and jute substitute in India as well as in Africa.
Native to:
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Repu, Chad, Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Afghanistan, Assam, Bangladesh, Brazil Southeast, Cape Verde, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kriti, Laos, Leeward Is., Manchuria, Nepal, Niue, Pakistan, Peru, Primorye, Puerto Rico, South European Russi, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Trinidad-Tobago, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Windward Is.
- Abelmoschus congener (Schumach. & Thonn.) Walp.
- Abelmoschus verrucosus (Guill. & Perr.) Walp.
- Furcaria cannabina Ulbr.
- Furcaria cavanillesii Kostel.
- Hibiscus asper Hook.f.
- Hibiscus congener Schumach. & Thonn.
- Hibiscus cordofanus Turcz.
- Hibiscus malangensis Baker f.
- Hibiscus obtusatus Schumach.
- Hibiscus sabdariffa subsp. cannabinus (L.) Panigrahi & Murti
- Hibiscus tripartitus Forssk.
- Hibiscus vanderystii De Wild.
- Hibiscus verrucosus Guill. & Perr.
- Hibiscus vitifolius Mill.
- Hibiscus wightianus Wall.
- Ketmia glandulosa Moench
- English
- Bastard jute, Kenaf, Wild stockrose
Hibiscus cannabinus L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tanner, R. [496], Tanzania | 15362.000 | No | |||
Dollinger [s.n.] | K000240764 | Yes | |||
Bidgood, S. [5444], Tanzania | K000190674 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 1898] | K001114635 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 1898] | K001114632 | Yes | |||
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 1898], Myanmar | K001114629 | Yes | |||
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 1898], Myanmar | K001114630 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 1898] | K001114631 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 1898] | K001114633 | Yes | |||
Meurillon, A. [1418], Cameroon | K000105060 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 1898] | K001114634 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 1898] | K001114636 | Yes | |||
Mar 1, 1997 | Zapfack, L. [1163], Cameroon | Hibiscus asper | K000337679 | No | |
Caille [14909] | Hibiscus asper | K000240761 | Yes | ||
Brunt, M.A. [883], Cameroon | Hibiscus asper | K000105061 | No |
First published in Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1149 (1759)
Accepted by
- Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots' Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
- Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
- Barry, J. P. & Celles, J.S. (1991). Flore de Mauritanie 1: 1-359. Centre Regional de Documentation Pedagogique, Nice.
- Boudet, G., Lebrun, J.P. & Demange, R. (1986). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Mali: 1-465. Etudes d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau) Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
- Chayamarit, K. & Balslev, H. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Thailand 14(2): 185-358. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Fischer, E., Rembold, K., Althof, A. & Obholzer, J. (2010). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Kakamega forest, Western province, Kenya Journal of East African Natural History 99: 129-226.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
- Hara, H., Stearn, W.T. & Williams, H.J. (1979). An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 2: 1-220. Trustees of British Museum, London.
- Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
- Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. & Keay, R.W.J. (1954-1958). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 1-828.
- Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
- Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448. Nauka, Leningrad.
- Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
- Lebrun, J.p., Toutain, B., Gaston, A. & Boudet, G. (1991). Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Burkina Faso: 1-341. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
- Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
- Lopes Esteves, G., Duarte, M.C. & Takeuchi, C. (2014). Sinopse de Hibiscus L. (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) do estado de São Paulo, Brasil: espécies nativas e cultivadas ornamentais Hoehnea 41: 529-539.
- Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh l?c các loài th?c v?t Vi?t Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà N?i : Nhà xu?t b?n Nông nghi?p.
- Mostaph, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
- Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
- Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Peyre de Fabregues, B. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1976). Catalogue des Plantes Vascularies du Niger: 1-433. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
- Riedl, I. (1976). Flora Iranica 120: 1-86. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
- Robyns, W. & al. (eds.) (1948-1963). Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi 1-10.
- Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
- Sykes, W.R. (1970). Contributions to the flora of Niue Bulletin, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 200: 1-321.
- Thulin, M. (ed.) in Thulin, M. (ed.) (1999). Flora of Somalia 2: 1-303. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (eds.) (1980). Flora of Iraq 4(1): 1-628. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
- Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
- Verdcourt, B. & Mwachala, G.M. (2009). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Malvaceae: 1-170.
- Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
- Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds.) (2007). Flora of China 12: 1-534. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
- Xuyên, Ð.T. (2017). Th?c V?t Chí Vi?t Nam. Flora of Vietnam 14: 1-314. Nha` xua^´t ba?n khoa ho?c va` ky~ thua^?t, Ha` No?^i.
Literature
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- Chev. Bot. 64–65 (excl. var. chevalieri).
- Hochr. in Ann. Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genèv. 5: 114, partly
- —F.T.A. 1: 204, partly
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots' Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
- Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Catarino, L., Martins, E.S., Diniz, M.A. & Pinto-Basto, M.F. (2006). Check-list da flora vascular do parque natural das Lagos de Cufada (Guiné-Bissau) Garcia de Orta, Série de Botânica 17: 97-141.
- Chayamarit, K. & Balslev, H. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Thailand 14(2): 185-358. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1997). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 11: 1-420. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Edwards, S., Tadesse, M. & Hedberg, I. (eds.) (1995). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 2(2): 1-456. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
- Exell, A.W. & Wild, H. (eds.) (1961). Flora Zambesiaca 1(2): 337-581. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Fischer, E., Rembold, K., Althof, A. & Obholzer, J. (2010). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Kakamega forest, Western province, Kenya Journal of East African Natural History 99: 129-226.
- GBIF (2008-2020). Global Biodiversity Information Facility http://www.gbif.org/.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
- Hara, H., Stearn, W.T. & Williams, H.J. (1979). An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 2: 1-220. Trustees of British Museum, London.
- Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
- Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. & Keay, R.W.J. (1954-1958). Flora of West Tropical Africa, ed. 2, 1: 1-828.
- Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
- Kharkevich, S.S. (ed.) (1987). Plantae Vasculares Orientalis Extremi Sovietici 2: 1-448. Nauka, Leningrad.
- Lebrun, J.p., Toutain, B., Gaston, A. & Boudet, G. (1991). Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Burkina Faso: 1-341. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
- Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
- Lopes Esteves, G., Duarte, M.C. & Takeuchi, C. (2014). Sinopse de Hibiscus L. (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) do estado de São Paulo, Brasil: espécies nativas e cultivadas ornamentais Hoehnea 41: 529-539.
- Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh l?c các loài th?c v?t Vi?t Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà N?i : Nhà xu?t b?n Nông nghi?p.
- Mostaph, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
- Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
- Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Peyre de Fabregues, B. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1976). Catalogue des Plantes Vascularies du Niger: 1-433. Institut d' Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort.
- Riedl, I. (1976). Flora Iranica 120: 1-86. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
- Shishkin, B.K. (ed.) (1950). Flora Turkmenii 5: 1-271. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
- Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
- Sykes, W.R. (1970). Contributions to the flora of Niue Bulletin, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 200: 1-321.
- Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
- Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
- Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Art and Illustrations in Digifolia
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
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Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible
ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
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Flora Zambesiaca
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Flora of Somalia
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Flora of Tropical East Africa
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Flora of West Tropical Africa
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
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Kew Backbone Distributions
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
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Plants and People Africa
Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia
ColPlantA database
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Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
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