- Family:
- Rutaceae Juss.
- Genus:
- Citrus L.
Citrus × aurantium L.

[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Evergreen shrubs or trees
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves 1-foliolate, usually with petiole winged and articulated at the tip, gland-dotted
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers usually bisexual, axillary, sometimes clustered, fragrant
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals white
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens in bundles
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a leathery-skinned berry known as a “hesperidium”, segmented and filled with inflated hair-cells full of juice; fruit subglobose, c. 7 cm in diam.; peel orange, thick; pulp very sour and bitter.
- Distribution
- Cultivated at least in N2.
- Vernacular
- Seville orange, sour orange (English); liin dhanaan (Somali).
[FTEA]
Rutaceae, J.O. Kokwaro (University of Nairobi). Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1982
- Morphology General Habit
- Tree up to 10 m. high, with slender thorns; stem glabrous.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaflet ovate or elliptic, 7–10 cm. long, 4–7 cm. broad; petiole 2–3 cm. long, rather broadly winged.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers axillary, large, white, with only 5–12% staminate; stamens 20–25; ovary 10–12-locular.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit subglobose, ± 7 cm. in diameter; peel thick, rough, strongly aromatic, often orange-red at maturity; pulp very sour and bitter.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 1000 - 2500 m.; Andes, Valle del Cauca, Valle del Magdalena.
- Morphology General Habit
- Arbusto, árbol
[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- mandarina, mandarina arrayana, mandarina cleopatra, mandarina común, mandarina israelita, mandarina oneco, mandarina reina, mandarina satsuma, mandarina tangolea, mandarino , naranja, naranja ácida, naranja agria, naranja china, naranja común, naranja criolla, naranja de Valencia, naranja dulce, naranja dulce de la China, naranja espinaluna, naranja navel, naranja ombligona, naranja sevillana, naranja valencia, naranjo, naranja agrio , naranjo dulce , naranjo calambombo
[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Amazonia, Andean, Caribbean, Pacific. Elevation range: 200–2500 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Colombian departments: Amazonas, Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta, Nariño, Putumayo, Quindío, Risaralda, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupés.
- Habit
- Small tree.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, savanna, shrubland, artificial - terrestrial.
- Vernacular
- Naranja ácida, Naranja agria
[FTEA]
Rutaceae, J.O. Kokwaro (University of Nairobi). Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1982
- Morphology General Habit
- A small tree 2–8 m. high, sometimes spiny.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaflet ovate or elliptic to lanceolate, 4–8 cm. long, 1.5–5 cm. broad, margin usually crenate; petiole narrowly winged or margined.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers axillary, 15–25 mm. in diameter; petals 5, white; stamens ± 20; ovary 10–15-locular.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit depressed-globose, 5–8 cm. in diameter, peel thin and loose, yellow or orange-red; pulp sweet and juicy, orange in colour.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves 1-foliolate, usually with petiole winged and articulated at the tip, gland-dotted
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers usually bisexual, axillary, sometimes clustered, fragrant
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals white
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens in bundles
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a leathery-skinned berry known as a “hesperidium”, segmented and filled with inflated hair-cells full of juice; fruit depressed globose, usually bright orange; peel fairly thin and very easily removed; pulp very sweet.
- Distribution
- Probably cultivated in the Mogadishu area.
- Vernacular
- Mandarine (English).
- Morphology General Habit
- Evergreen shrubs or trees
[FTEA]
Rutaceae, J.O. Kokwaro (University of Nairobi). Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1982
- Morphology General Habit
- A spreading tree 10–15 m. high; twigs glabrous.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves smaller than Pomelo, pale green when young; petiole rather broadly winged; lamina ovate, often crenulate.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers single or in clusters, axillary, 4–5 cm. in diameter; petals usually 5, white; stamens 20–25; ovary 12–14-locular.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit globose, 8–15 cm. in diameter; rind thin and greenish or pale yellow; pulp mildly bitter.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Evergreen shrubs or trees
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves 1-foliolate, usually with petiole winged and articulated at the tip, gland-dotted
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers usually bisexual, axillary, sometimes clustered, fragrant
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals white
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens in bundles
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a leathery-skinned berry known as a “hesperidium”, segmented and filled with inflated hair-cells full of juice; fruit globose, c. 10–15 cm in diam.; peel pale yellow or greenish; pulp mildly bitter.
- Distribution
- Cultivated particularly in the Mogadishu area (S2)
- Vernacular
- Grapefruit (English); liin bambeelmo (Somali).
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 200 - 2500 m.; Amazonia, Andes, Llanura del Caribe, Pacífico, Valle del Cauca, Valle del Magdalena.
- Morphology General Habit
- Arbolito, árbol
[UPB]
The Useful Plants of Boyacá project
- Ecology
- Alt. 200 - 2500 m.
- Distribution
- Cultivated in Colombia.
[FTEA]
Rutaceae, J.O. Kokwaro (University of Nairobi). Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1982
- Morphology General Habit
- Tree 6–12 m. high; twigs angled when young, often with stout spines.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaflet ovate or ovate-elliptic, 5–15 cm. long, 2–8 cm. broad, glabrous; petiole 1–2.5 cm. long, narrowly winged, articulated.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers single or in small axillary racemes, 2–3 cm. in diameter; petals usually 5, white; stamens 20–25, united into groups; ovary 10–14-locular.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit with peel to 5 mm. thick, tightly adherent, orange or sometimes remaining green; pulp sweet or subacid, juicy.
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Poisons
- Poisons.
- Use Social
- Social uses.
[UPB]
- Use Gene Sources
- Crop wild relatives which may possess beneficial traits of value in breeding programmes (State of the World's Plants 2016).
- Use Materials Unspecified Materials Chemicals
- Materials (State of the World's Plants 2016).
- Use Materials Wood
- Used to make spoons (Linares 1994). Used to make carved images of Christ or 'Cristos' (Linares 1994).
- Use Medicines Unspecified Medicinal Disorders
- Medicinal (Instituto Humboldt 2014).
- Use Social Sacred Spiritual Plants
- Social and 'Religious' uses (Linares 1994).
Introduced into:
Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Assam, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Cambodia, Canary Is., Caroline Is., Cayman Is., Central American Pac, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Florida, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Haiti, Iraq, Italy, Jamaica, Korea, Laos, Leeward Is., Libya, Line Is., Louisiana, Madeira, Marianas, Mauritius, Mexico Southeast, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rodrigues, Réunion, Santa Cruz Is., Socotra, Solomon Is., Somalia, Spain, Tadzhikistan, Tibet, Trinidad-Tobago, Tuamotu, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Wallis-Futuna Is., West Himalaya
- Aurantium × acre Mill.
- Aurantium × bigarella Poit. & Turpin
- Aurantium × corniculatum Poit. & Turpin
- Aurantium × coronatum Poit. & Turpin
- Aurantium × humile Mill.
- Aurantium × myrtifolium Descourt.
- Aurantium × orientale Mill.
- Aurantium × silvestre Pritz.
- Aurantium × sinense (L.) Mill.
- Aurantium × variegatum Barb.Rodr.
- Citrus × amara Link
- Citrus × ampullacea Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × anonyma Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × asahikan Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × aurantium subf. ampullacea (Y.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. anonyma (Y.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. asahikan (Y.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. banyu (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. benikawa (Y.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. canaliculata (Y.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. cyathifera (Risso & Poit.) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. dulcis (Y.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. glaberrima (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. hakunikuyu (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium f. intermedia (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. iyo (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. jiyu (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. medioglobosa (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. mitsuyu (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium f. natsudaidai (Yu.Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. omikanto (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. pseudogulgul (Shirai) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. sekitoyu (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium var. sinensis L.
- Citrus × aurantium subf. sinensis (L.) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. sinograndis (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. soyu (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. sulcata (Takah.) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. tengu (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. tosa-asahi (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. truncata (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × aurantium subf. yuge-hyokan (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × benikoji Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × bigaradia Loisel.
- Citrus × calot Lag.
- Citrus × canaliculata Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × changshan-huyou Y.B.Chang
- Citrus × communis Poit. & Turpin
- Citrus × daidai Siebold ex Hayata
- Citrus × dulcimedulla Pritz.
- Citrus × dulcis Pers.
- Citrus × florida Salisb.
- Citrus × funadoko Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × fusca Lour.
- Citrus × glaberrima Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus grandis var. brunneorugosa Karaya
- Citrus grandis var. glaberrima (Yu.Tanaka) Karaya
- Citrus grandis var. kotokan (Hayata) Karaya
- Citrus grandis var. natsudaidai (Yu.Tanaka) Karaya
- Citrus grandis var. racemosa (M.Roem.) B.C.Stone
- Citrus grandis var. sulcata (Takah.) Karaya
- Citrus grandis var. tengu (Tanaka) Karaya
- Citrus × humilis (Mill.) Poir.
- Citrus × intermedia Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × iwaikan Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × iyo Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × karna Raf.
- Citrus × kotokan Hayata
- Citrus × leiocarpa Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × maderaspatana Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus maxima var. uvacarpa Merr.
- Citrus medica f. tamurana (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × medioglobosa Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × mitsuharu Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × myrtifolia (Ker Gawl.) Raf.
- Citrus × natsudaidai (Yu.Tanaka) Hayata
- Citrus × nobilis Lour.
- Citrus × nobilis subf. benikoji (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. funadoko (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. genshokan (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. haili (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. hayashi-unshu M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. ishikawa-unshu M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. iwaikan (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. jyuma-unshu M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. keraji (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis var. kikaijimense Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × nobilis subf. koshotankan (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. kotokan (Hayata) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. mitsuharu (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. miyagawa-wase M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. pseudograndis (Shirai) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. reticulata (Blanco) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. rokugatsu (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. rubrifrons (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. sugiyama-unshu M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. tachimawase M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis f. tumida (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. yatsushiro (Tanaka) M.Hiroe
- Citrus × nobilis subf. yonezawa-unshu M.Hiroe
- Citrus × omikanto Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × oto Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × panuban (Wester) Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × paradisi Macfad.
- Citrus × pomelana Van Deman
- Citrus × pseudoparadisi Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × racemosa (Risso & Poit.) Marcow. ex Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × reshni (Engl.) Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × reticulata Blanco
- Citrus × rokugatsu Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × rumphii Risso
- Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck
- Citrus × sinograndis Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × subcompressa (Tanaka) Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × taiwanica Yu.Tanaka & Shimada
- Citrus × tangelo J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore
- Citrus tarogayo Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × tengu Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × tosa-asahi Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × truncata Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × ujukitsu Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × yatsushiro Yu.Tanaka
- Citrus × yuge-hyokan Yu.Tanaka
- Spanish
- Naranjo, naranja dulce, naranja común.
Citrus × aurantium L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 1, 1995 | Vasey, N. [39], Madagascar | K000383502 | No | ||
25039.000 | No | ||||
Decary, R. [5485], Madagascar | K000383503 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6390], India | K001123770 | Yes | |||
Citrus × sinensis | 7161.000 | No |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 783 (1753)
Accepted by
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots' Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
- Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha (2000). Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 1-246.
- Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K., Rodríguez Delcid, D. & Olmedo Galán, P. (2016). Nova Silva Cuscatlantica. Parte 3: Angiospermae - Familias R a Z y Gymnospermae Englera 29(3): 1-356.
- Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (1979). Flore des Mascareignes 64-68: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
- Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe Bothalia, A Journal of Botanical Research 41: 41-82.
- Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2014). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 7: 1-840. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
- Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
- Huang, C. in Ling, Y. Et Ge, X. (1997). Rutaceae Flora Reiublicae Popularis Sinicae 43(2): 1-250. Science Press.
- Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
- Kokwaro, J.O. (1982). Flora of Tropical East Africa, Rutaceae: 1-52.
- MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.
- Miller, A.G. & Morris, M. (2004). Ethnoflora of Soqotra Archipelago: 1-759. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
- Mostaph, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
- Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
- Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Velayos, M., Barberá, P., Cabezas, F.J., de la Estrella, M., Fero, M. & Aedo, C. (2014). Checklist of the vascular plants of Annobón (Equatorial Guinea) Phytotaxa 171: 1-78.
- Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 11: 1-622. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
- Yamaji, H., Kondo, K., Kuniga, T., Nesumi, H., Yoshida, T., Hashimoto, K. & Takeda, O. (2013). Origin of cultivated Citrus (Rutaceae) documented by the contents of internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) in nuclear ribosomal DNA The Journal of Japanese Botany 88: 222-238.
- Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Not accepted by
- Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. MIM, Deurne. [Cited as C. maxima × C. reticulata.]
Literature
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
- Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots' Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
- Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha (2000). Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 1-246.
- Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
- Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K., Rodríguez Delcid, D. & Olmedo Galán, P. (2016). Nova Silva Cuscatlantica. Parte 3: Angiospermae - Familias R a Z y Gymnospermae Englera 29(3): 1-356.
- Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (1979). Flore des Mascareignes 64-68: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
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- Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
- Choudhary, R.K., Srivastava, R.C., Das, A.K. & Lee, J. (2012). Floristic diversity assessment and vegetation analysis of Upper Siang district of eastern Himalaya in North East India Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 42: 222-246.
- Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe Bothalia, A Journal of Botanical Research 41: 41-82.
- Forzza, R.C., Zappi, D. & Souza, V.C. (2016-continuously updated). Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ResultadoDaConsultaNovaConsulta.do.
- Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
- Guillaumin, A. (1948). Compendium de la Flore Phanérogamique des Nouvelles Hébrides Annales de l'Institut Botanico-Geologique de Marseille, VI, 5-6: 1-56.
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