Sporobolus R.Br.

Gramineae, T. Cope. Flora Zambesiaca 10:2. 1999

Morphology General Habit

Inflorescence a panicle, open or contracted, rarely spiciform, exserted from the uppermost sheath, the primary branches whorled or not, rarely those of the lowermost whorl sterile.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets 1-flowered, fusiform, glabrous or rarely puberulous (with a rhachilla extension in 35. S. fibrosus and 36. S. subtilis); glumes deciduous, awnless or rarely mucronate, the superior usually longer than the inferior and resembling the lemma; lemma thinly membranous or rarely hyaline, 1-nerved or rarely 3-nerved, entire, awnless; palea resembling the lemma but 2-nerved, depressed between the nerves and often splitting longitudinally as the grain swells; anthers 2–3.Grain rotund to elliptic, rounded or truncate at the apex; pericarp free, commonly swelling when wet and expelling the seed to the tip of the spikelet.

M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS

Morphology General Habit

Annual or perennial; ligule a line of hairs

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences

Panicle open or contracted, rarely spike-like, exserted from the uppermost sheath

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets 1-flowered, usually without rhachilla-extension, fusiform, disarticulating below the floret; glumes deciduous, awnless, the upper usually the longer; lemma thinly membranous and often shiny, 1-nerved, entire, awnless; anthers 2–3

Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits

Grain globose to ellipsoid, rounded or truncate, not beaked; pericarp free, commonly swelling when wet and expelling the seed to the tip of the spikelet.

Distribution

About 220 species in the tropics and subtropics.

nonem

Morphology General Habit

Annual (47), or perennial (142). Rhizomes absent (156), or short (19), or elongated (13). Stolons absent (179), or present (9). Culms erect (135/151), or geniculately ascending (25/151), or decumbent (5/151), or prostrate (5/151); robust (6/21), or of moderate stature (1/21), or slender (14/21); 2.5-53.83-390 cm long; firm (180), or wiry (6). Culm-internodes channelled (1/3), or elliptical in section (2/3). Culm-nodes constricted (1/2), or flush with internodes (1/2). Lateral branches lacking (42/48), or sparse (10/48), or ample (1/48). Leaves differentiated into sheath and blade (185), or without demarcation between sheath and blade (1). Ligule an eciliate membrane (3), or a ciliolate membrane (3), or a ciliate membrane (1), or a fringe of hairs (178), or absent (2). Leaf-blade base without a false petiole (185), or with a brief petiole-like connection to sheath (1). Leaf-blades filiform (21), or linear (163), or lanceolate (12); herbaceous (183), or coriaceous (3); stiff (27), or firm (156), or flaccid (3). Leaf-blade midrib indistinct (2/4), or evident (1/4), or widened (2/4). Leaf-blade margins cartilaginous (8/8). Leaf-blade apex muticous (180), or pungent (6).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences

Inflorescence a panicle; terminal (181), or terminal and axillary (5); subtended by an unspecialized leaf-sheath (182), or an inflated leaf-sheath (5); exserted (178), or embraced at base by subtending leaf (11), or enclosed (4). Panicle open (137/185), or contracted (32/185), or spiciform (31/185). Primary panicle branches not whorled (115), or whorled at lower nodes (15), or whorled at most nodes (60); without sterile bristles (185), or sterile at lowest node (1). Spikelets appressed (16/17), or ascending (1/17), or spreading (2/17); solitary (185/185), or in pairs (2/185). Fertile spikelets sessile (8), or pedicelled (184); 2 in the cluster (1/1). Pedicels filiform (9/17), or linear (6/17), or oblong (2/17); tip widened (1/1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets, or 2 fertile florets (1); without rhachilla extension (184), or with a barren rhachilla extension (2). Spikelets linear (1), or lanceolate (150), or elliptic (33), or oblong (2), or orbicular (1), or obovate (1); laterally compressed (3), or subterete (183); 0.581-2.365-7.5 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret.

Fertile

Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets, or 2 fertile florets (1); without rhachilla extension (184), or with a barren rhachilla extension (2). Spikelets linear (1), or lanceolate (150), or elliptic (33), or oblong (2), or orbicular (1), or obovate (1); laterally compressed (3), or subterete (183); 0.581-2.365-7.5 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume

Glumes one the lower absent or obscure (2), or two; persistent (2/184), or deciduous (182/184); shorter than spikelet (94), or reaching apex of florets (81), or exceeding apex of florets (22); thinner than fertile lemma (7), or similar to fertile lemma in texture (179); parallel to lemmas (181), or gaping (5). Lower glume linear (6), or lanceolate (83), or elliptic (20), or oblong (41), or ovate (52), or orbicular (1); 0-0.5675-1.1 length of upper glume; hyaline (44/179), or membranous (136/179); without keels (182/184), or 1-keeled (2/184); 0 -veined (66/170), or 1 -veined (111/170). Lower glume lateral veins absent (175), or distinct (11). Lower glume surface smooth (178), or asperulous (8), or scabrous (3); glabrous (185), or puberulous (1). Lower glume apex entire (180), or erose (7), or dentate (1), or lobed (1); truncate (10/184), or obtuse (50/184), or acute (119/184), or acuminate (23/184). Upper glume lanceolate (45), or elliptic (33), or oblong (24), or ovate (89); 0.3-0.8463-2 length of adjacent fertile lemma; hyaline (31/183), or membranous (151/183), or cartilaginous (1/183); with undifferentiated margins (184), or hyaline margins (2); without keels (180/184), or 1-keeled (4/184); 0 -veined (11/185), or 1 -veined (175/185), or 2 -veined (3/185), or 3 -veined (5/185). Upper glume surface smooth (179), or asperulous (16), or scabrous (3), or spinose (1); glabrous (183), or puberulous (2), or hispidulous (1). Upper glume apex entire (184), or erose (3), or dentate (1); truncate (6/185), or obtuse (23/185), or acute (150/185), or acuminate (20/185), or attenuate (2/185), or setaceously attenuate (1/185), or cuspidate (3/185); muticous (183), or mucronate (3), or awned (1); 1 -awned (1/1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets

Fertile lemma lanceolate (31/185), or elliptic (30/185), or oblong (16/185), or ovate (114/185); hyaline (4/183), or membranous (177/183), or chartaceous (1/183), or cartilaginous (1/183); without keel (181/185), or keeled (4/185); 0 -veined (3/184), or 1 -veined (173/184), or 2 -veined (2/184), or 3 -veined (9/184). Lemma midvein without distinctive roughness (181/184), or scaberulous (2/184), or scabrous (1/184). Lemma lateral veins obscure (1/2), or distinct (1/2). Lemma surface smooth (181), or asperulous (3), or scaberulous (14), or scabrous (1); glabrous (181), or puberulous (3), or pubescent (2), or hispidulous (2). Lemma apex entire (183), or erose (3); truncate (3/185), or obtuse (21/185), or acute (159/185), or acuminate (7/185), or apiculate (1/185); muticous, or mucronate (1). Palea embraced by lemma (156), or gaping (1), or readily splitting down midline (30); 0.5-0.9867-2 length of lemma; 1 -veined (1/184), or 2 -veined (183/184). Palea keels separated (5), or approximate (181); wingless (184), or winged (2); smooth (185), or scaberulous (1). Palea surface glabrous (185), or pubescent (1). Palea apex entire (4/4), or dentate (1/4).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers

Lodicules 2 (12/12). Anthers 1 (1/138), or 2 (18/138), or 3 (123/138).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits

Caryopsis with free soft pericarp (184/185), or free brittle pericarp (1/185); fusiform (2/123), or ellipsoid (53/123), or oblong (23/123), or ovoid (10/123), or orbicular (14/123), or obovoid (34/123), or square (1/123); isodiametric (7/37), or laterally compressed (27/37), or flattened (3/37); biconvex (2/16), or quadrangular (14/16); striate (3/5), or rugose (3/5). Embryo 0.25-0.4618-0.75 length of caryopsis. Hilum punctiform (1/1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Cleistogene

Cleistogenes absent (185), or present (1); in upper sheaths (1/1).

Distribution

Europe (2), or Africa (85), or Temperate Asia (30), or Tropical Asia (30), or Australasia (23), or Pacific (11), or North America (40), or South America (45), or Antarctica (1).

George R. Proctor (2012). Flora of the Cayman Isands (Second Edition). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Morphology General Habit

Perennials (or some species annual) with narrow to open panicles having numerous very small spikelets

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rhachilla disarticulating above the glumes; glumes usually unequal, the second often as long as the spikelet; lemma membranous, 1- nerved, awnless; palea usually prominent and as long as the lemma or longer

Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds

Seed often free from the pericarp.

Distribution

A genus of about 150 species, widespread in tropical and warm-temperate regions.

nonem

Morphology General Habit

Perennial. Rhizomes short (3), or elongated (2). Culms 75-145.5-230 cm long. Lateral branches lacking (1/1). Ligule a ciliate membrane (1), or a fringe of hairs (4). Leaf-blades persistent, or deciduous at the ligule (2). Leaf-blade margins cartilaginous (1/1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences

Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle open (4), or contracted (2). Spikelets solitary, or in pairs (1). Fertile spikelets pedicelled.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate; laterally compressed; 3.7-6.3-10 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret. Spikelet callus bearded (1/1). Floret callus bearded (4/4).

Fertile

Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate; laterally compressed; 3.7-6.3-10 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret. Spikelet callus bearded (1/1). Floret callus bearded (4/4).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume

Glumes persistent; shorter than spikelet (2), or reaching apex of florets (2), or exceeding apex of florets (2). Lower glume ovate; 0.5-0.751-0.9 length of upper glume; membranous; 1-keeled (4/4); 1 -veined. Lower glume lateral veins absent. Lower glume apex acute (3), or acuminate (2). Upper glume ovate; 0.75-0.96-1.2 length of adjacent fertile lemma; membranous; 1-keeled (4/4); 1 -veined. Upper glume apex acute (3), or acuminate (2), or attenuate (1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets

Fertile lemma lanceolate (1), or obovate (4); membranous; keeled (4/4); 1 -veined. Lemma midvein eciliate (4), or pubescent (1). Lemma surface glabrous (2), or pubescent (3). Lemma apex acute (4), or attenuate (1). Palea 1.1 length of lemma; 2 -veined. Palea keels separated (1), or distant but flanking a median depression (4); eciliate (2), or pubescent (3). Palea surface glabrous (4), or pubescent (1). Palea apex dentate (1/1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers

Anthers 3 (4/4).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits

Caryopsis with free soft pericarp.

Distribution

North America.

Gramineae, T. Cope. Flora Zambesiaca 10:2. 1999

Morphology General Habit

Inflorescence a hemispherical to ovoid head, or a cylindrical spiciform panicle, embraced below by 1–2 inflated bract-like leaf sheaths bearing a reduced lamina, or sometimes exserted.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets 1-flowered, strongly laterally compressed and keeled, disarticulating below the floret, sometimes tardily so or rarely falling entire, awned or awnless; glumes subequal or unequal, 1-nerved, membranous, equal to or shorter than the lemma, acute or with an awn-point; lemma 1-nerved, membranous, acute or with an awn-point; palea 1–2-nerved.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits

Caryopsis elliptic, the pericarp free and sometimes swelling when wet.

nonem

Morphology General Habit

Annual. Culms erect (3/9), or geniculately ascending (3/9), or decumbent (3/9), or prostrate (3/9); 1-19.35-90 cm long. Lateral branches lacking (1/6), or sparse (1/6), or ample (5/6). Ligule a fringe of hairs. Leaf-blades persistent (7), or deciduous at the ligule (3); stiff (4), or firm (6).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences

Inflorescence a panicle; subtended by an unspecialized leaf-sheath (3), or an inflated leaf-sheath (4), or a spatheole (3), or sheathless blades (3); exserted (2), or embraced at base by subtending leaf (8), or enclosed (3). Panicle spiciform (4), or capitate (6). Spikelets solitary, or in pairs (1). Fertile spikelets sessile, or sessile and pedicelled (1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Basal sterile spikelets absent (8), or well-developed (2). Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate (2), or elliptic (7), or cuneate (1); laterally compressed; 2-3.721-6 mm long; falling entire.

Sterile

Basal sterile spikelets absent (8), or well-developed (2).

Fertile

Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate (2), or elliptic (7), or cuneate (1); laterally compressed; 2-3.721-6 mm long; falling entire.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume

Glumes shorter than spikelet (7), or reaching apex of florets (4). Lower glume lanceolate; 0.75-0.9325-1 length of upper glume; membranous; 1-keeled; 1 -veined. Lower glume lateral veins absent. Lower glume apex obtuse (1), or acute (7), or acuminate (2), or caudate (1); muticous (8), or awned (2). Upper glume lanceolate (9), or ovate (2); 0.7-0.9125-1 length of adjacent fertile lemma; membranous; 1-keeled; 1 -veined. Upper glume primary vein eciliate (5), or ciliolate (5). Upper glume surface glabrous, or puberulous (1). Upper glume apex obtuse (2), or acute (7), or acuminate (2), or caudate (1); muticous (8), or awned (2); 1 -awned (2/2).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets

Fertile lemma lanceolate (8), or ovate (2); laterally compressed (9/9); membranous; keeled; 1 -veined. Lemma midvein without distinctive roughness (9), or scabrous (1); eciliate (9), or ciliate (1). Lemma apex obtuse (1/9), or acute (7/9), or caudate (1/9); muticous (8), or awned (2); 1 -awned (2/2). Palea 0 -veined (1), or 1 -veined (2), or 2 -veined (9). Palea apex dentate (1/1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers

Lodicules absent. Anthers 2 (2), or 3 (9).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits

Caryopsis with free soft pericarp (9/9); ellipsoid (5/7), or oblong (3/7), or ovoid (1/7), or obovoid (2/7); apex unappendaged (8/8). Embryo 0.75 length of caryopsis.

Distribution

Europe (5), or Africa (4), or Temperate Asia, or Tropical Asia (3), or Australasia (1), or North America (3).

Gramineae, W. D. Clayton, S. M. Phillips And S. A. Renvoize. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1974

Morphology General Habit

Low growing annuals; culms prostrate or geniculately ascending

Morphology Leaves

Leaf-blades usually short

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences

Inflorescence a hemispherical to ovoid head, or a cylindrical spiciform panicle, embraced below by 1–2 inflated bract-like leaf-sheaths bearing a reduced blade, or sometimes exserted

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets strongly laterally compressed, disarticulating below the floret, sometimes tardily so or rarely falling entire, awned or awnless; glumes subequal, shorter than the lemma; lemma 1-nerved; palea 1–2-nerved

Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits

Fruit rounded at the tip, not beaked.

nonem

Morphology General Habit

Perennial. Rhizomes absent (4), or short (2), or elongated (11). Culms erect; robust (1/1); 15-124.5-350 cm long; spongy (2), or firm (15); rooting from lower nodes (1/1). Ligule a fringe of hairs. Leaf-blades persistent (15), or deciduous at the ligule (1); filiform (3), or linear (13); stiff (1), or firm (15).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences

Inflorescence composed of racemes; exserted, or embraced at base by subtending leaf (2). Racemes paired (1), or digitate (5), or borne along a central axis; not compacted (12), or in a multilateral false spike (4); appressed (9), or erect (5), or ascending (1), or spreading (2); unilateral; bearing 8-26-80 fertile spikelets on each. Rhachis angular; terminating in a spikelet (12), or barren extension (5); extension bristle-like (4/4). Spikelet packing broadside to rhachis; 2 -rowed. Spikelets appressed (9), or pectinate (7); solitary. Fertile spikelets sessile (15), or pedicelled (1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets linear (1), or lanceolate (7), or oblong (11), or ovate (2); laterally compressed; 5-11.87-25 mm long; falling entire.

Fertile

Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets linear (1), or lanceolate (7), or oblong (11), or ovate (2); laterally compressed; 5-11.87-25 mm long; falling entire.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume

Glumes reaching apex of florets (4), or exceeding apex of florets (13). Lower glume linear (15), or lanceolate (1); 0.25-0.5459-0.8 length of upper glume; membranous; 1-keeled; 1 -veined, or 2-3 -veined (2). Lower glume lateral veins absent (15), or obscure (1), or distinct (1). Lower glume surface glabrous (13), or puberulous (3), or pubescent (3), or pilose (4). Lower glume apex obtuse (3), or acute (12), or acuminate (5); muticous (15), or mucronate (1), or awned (1). Upper glume lanceolate (15), or oblong (1); 1-1.184-1.5 length of adjacent fertile lemma; herbaceous (15), or scarious (1); with undifferentiated margins (11), or membranous margins (5); 1-keeled; 1-2 -veined (7), or 3 -veined (15), or 4-6 -veined (2), or 7-9 -veined (1). Upper glume primary vein eciliate (8), or ciliolate (4), or ciliate (5), or pectinately ciliate (1). Upper glume surface smooth, or asperulous (1), or scabrous (1); glabrous (11), or puberulous (5), or pubescent (3), or pilose (4). Upper glume apex obtuse (3), or acute (8), or acuminate (8), or attenuate (1); muticous (15), or mucronate (1), or awned (2); 1 -awned (2/2).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets

Fertile lemma oblong (12), or ovate (4); herbaceous; of similar consistency on margins (11), or much thinner on margins (5); keeled; 1 -veined (5), or 2 -veined (4), or 3 -veined (15), or 4-5 -veined (1). Lemma midvein without distinctive roughness (15), or scabrous (1); eciliate (8), or ciliolate (4), or ciliate (3), or pectinately ciliate (1). Lemma surface smooth (15), or scaberulous (2); glabrous (13), or puberulous (4), or pubescent (1), or pilose (3). Lemma margins eciliate (14), or ciliolate (4), or ciliate (1). Lemma apex entire (15), or dentate (1); 2 -fid (1/1); emarginate (3/14), or obtuse (7/14), or acute (8/14), or acuminate (2/14). Palea 1.1 length of lemma; 2 -veined. Palea keels smooth (15), or scaberulous (1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers

Lodicules absent. Anthers 3. Stigmas plumose (12), or pubescent (4).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits

Caryopsis with tardily free pericarp (4/4); linear (4/4). Embryo 0.6-0.9-1 length of caryopsis. Hilum punctiform (5/5).

Distribution

Europe (6), or Africa (2), or Temperate Asia (2), or Australasia (4), or North America (8), or South America (6), or Antarctica (1).

George R. Proctor (2012). Flora of the Cayman Isands (Second Edition). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Morphology General Habit

Stout perennials with tough leaves and 2–many spikes racemose on a main axis

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened laterally, sessile and usually closely imbricate on one side of a continuous rhachis, disarticulating below the glumes, the rhachilla not produced beyond the floret

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume

Glumes keeled, 1-nerved, acute or short-awned, the first shorter, the second often exceeding the lemma; lemma firm, keeled, the lateral nerves obscure, narrowed to a rather obscure point; palea 2-nerved, keeled and flattened, the keel between or at one side of the nerves.

Distribution

A chiefly temperate-climate genus of 16 species, all halophytes.

nonem

Morphology General Habit

Perennial. Rhizomes absent (4), or short (3), or elongated (2). Stolons absent (8), or present (1). Culms erect (7/8), or geniculately ascending (1/8); 12-41.58-100 cm long; firm (5), or wiry (4). Culm-nodes swollen (2/2). Lateral branches lacking (5/5). Ligule an eciliate membrane (4), or a ciliolate membrane (5). Leaf-blade base with a brief petiole-like connection to sheath. Leaf-blades linear (1), or lanceolate (4), or elliptic (1), or oblong (3), or ovate (4). Leaf-blade midrib conspicuous (3/3).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences

Monoecious. Inflorescence a panicle (1), or composed of racemes (8); axillary; exserted (4), or embraced at base by subtending leaf (5). Panicle open (1/1). Racemes single (8/8); bearing few fertile spikelets (8/8); bearing 2 fertile spikelets on each (2/7), or 3 fertile spikelets on each (3/7), or 4-5 fertile spikelets on each (6/7), or 6 fertile spikelets on each (5/7), or 7-8 fertile spikelets on each (4/7), or 9-13 fertile spikelets on each (2/7), or 14-18 fertile spikelets on each (1/7). Rhachis angular (8/8). Spikelets solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled. Male spikelets sessile and pedicelled (1), or pedicelled (8); 1-2 in a cluster (1/1). Pedicels filiform, or cuneate. Male inflorescence terminal (7), or axillary (4); unlike female; a panicle (8), or of few spikelets (2). Male spikelets distinct from female; linear (3), or lanceolate (6), or elliptic (1). Male spikelet glumes absent. Male spikelet lemma muticous (3/7), or awned (5/7).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets

Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate (6), or elliptic (1), or ovate (6); dorsally compressed; 3-5.92-13.5 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret.

Fertile

Spikelets comprising 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate (6), or elliptic (1), or ovate (6); dorsally compressed; 3-5.92-13.5 mm long; breaking up at maturity; disarticulating below each fertile floret.

Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume

Glumes deciduous; shorter than spikelet (2), or reaching apex of florets (6), or exceeding apex of florets (3); thinner than fertile lemma. Lower glume lanceolate (6), or elliptic (1), or ovate (6); 0.8-0.98-1 length of upper glume; chartaceous; without keels; 3-4 -veined (3), or 5 -veined, or 6-7 -veined (1). Lower glume surface smooth (8), or asperulous (1); glabrous (8), or pubescent (1). Lower glume apex acuminate (7), or setaceously attenuate (1), or caudate (1); muticous (5), or mucronate (3), or awned (5). Upper glume lanceolate (6), or elliptic (1), or ovate (6); 0.8-1.16-1.7 length of adjacent fertile lemma; chartaceous; with undifferentiated margins (3), or cartilaginous margins (6); without keels; 3 -veined (7), or 4 -veined (3), or 5 -veined (5), or 6-7 -veined (1). Upper glume surface smooth (8), or asperulous (1); glabrous (7), or pubescent (2). Upper glume apex acute (4), or acuminate (5), or setaceously attenuate (1), or caudate (1); muticous, or mucronate (1), or awned (1); 1 -awned (1/1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets

Fertile florets female. Fertile lemma lanceolate (4), or elliptic (1), or ovate (4); coriaceous; without keel; 3 -veined (1/5), or 5 -veined (4/5). Lemma margins involute. Lemma apex obtuse (8), or acuminate (1). Palea coriaceous; 2 -veined (5/5). Palea surface glabrous (8), or pubescent (1).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers

Lodicules 3 (5/5). Anthers 3 (6/6).

Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits

Caryopsis with adherent pericarp (1/1). Hilum linear (1/1); 1 length of caryopsis.

sex Male

Male inflorescence terminal (7), or axillary (4); unlike female; a panicle (8), or of few spikelets (2). Male spikelets distinct from female; linear (3), or lanceolate (6), or elliptic (1). Male spikelet glumes absent. Male spikelet lemma muticous (3/7), or awned (5/7).

Distribution

South America.