Piperaceae
Piper

Piper betle L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 28 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Indo-China to Malesia. It is a climbing shrub and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.

Distribution

Native to:

Cambodia, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam

Introduced into:

Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Caroline Is., Christmas I., Comoros, Cuba, East Himalaya, Fiji, India, Leeward Is., Madagascar, Maldives, Marianas, Mauritius, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Réunion, Solomon Is., Sri Lanka, Trinidad-Tobago, Vanuatu, Windward Is.

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Bosser, J., Cadet, T., Guého, J. & Marais, W. (eds.) (1998). Flore des Mascareignes 149-152: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
  • Das, A.P., Samanta, A.K. & Biswas, K. (2010). A census of Piper L. (Piperaceae) in Terai, Duars and the hills of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas. Pleione 4: 33-41.
  • Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Gardner, R.O. (2010). Piper (Piperaceae) in the Solomon islands: the climbing species. Blumea 55: 4-13.
  • Gardner, R.O. (2013). Piper (Piperaceae) in New Guinea: the climbing species. Blumea 57: 275-294.
  • George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.
  • Hancock, I.R. & Henderson, C.P. (1988). Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin Dodo Creek Research Station 7: 1-203.
  • Leti, M., Hul, S., Fouché, J.-G., Cheng, S.K. & David, B. (2013). Flore photographique du Cambodge: 1-589. Éditions Privat, Toulouse.
  • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
  • Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Pandey, R.P. (2009). Floristic diversity of Ferrargunj forest area in South Andaman. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 747-768.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
  • Suwanphakdee, C. & Chantaranothai, P. (2011). A new species and three taxonomic changes in Piper (Piperaceae) from Thailand. Blumea 56: 235-239.
  • Suwanphakdee, C. & al. (2020). A synopsis of Thai Piper (Piperaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 48: 145-183.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (1999). Flora of China 4: 1-453. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

Flora of West Tropical Africa

  • J. H. Holland, The Useful Plants of Nigeria, Kew Bulletin, Additional Series IX, 4: 552

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Bosser, J., Cadet, T., Guého, J. & Marais, W. (eds.) (1998). Flore des Mascareignes 149-152: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
  • Das, A.P., Samanta, A.K. & Biswas, K. (2010). A census of Piper L. (Piperaceae) in Terai, Duars and the hills of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas. Pleione 4: 33-41.
  • Dassanayake (ed.) (1988). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 6: 1-424. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Gardner, R.O. (2010). Piper (Piperaceae) in the Solomon islands: the climbing species. Blumea 55: 4-13.
  • Gardner, R.O. (2013). Piper (Piperaceae) in New Guinea: the climbing species. Blumea 57: 275-294.
  • George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. & Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.
  • Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (1984). Flora of Bhutan 1(2): 189-462. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
  • Pandey, R.P. (2009). Floristic diversity of Ferrargunj forest area in South Andaman. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 747-768.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.
  • Stutz, L.-C. (1982). Herborisation 1981 aux îles Maldives. Candollea 37: 599-631.
  • Suwanphakdee, C. & Chantaranothai, P. (2011). A new species and three taxonomic changes in Piper (Piperaceae) from Thailand. Blumea 56: 235-239.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (1999). Flora of China 4: 1-453. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 1993 Edmonds, J. [P134] Malaysia K001327143 Yes
Aug 1, 1975 Waterhouse, J.H.L. [328] Solomon Islands K001327141 Yes
Miquel, F.A.W. [s.n.] Indonesia K000794878 Unknown Type Material Yes
Silva, F.de [6652] Bangladesh K000794401 Unknown Type Material Yes
De Silva, F. [Cat. no. 6652] K001124420 Unknown Type Material Yes
Suzana, S.; Nur Adillah, M.Y.; Aloysius, L.; Tawadong, T. [SAN 153150] Malaysia K001572856 Yes
Lua, H.K.; Ho, B.C.; Leong, P.; Bazilah, I.; Lam, H.J. [SING 2016-148] Singapore K001569515 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Malaysia K000842570 Yes
Korthals, P.W. [s.n.] Indonesia K000794880 Unknown Type Material Yes
Korthals, P.W. [s.n.] Indonesia K000794879 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 6652] K001124419 Unknown Type Material Yes
Miquel, F.A.W. [s.n.] Indonesia K000794877 Unknown Type Material Yes
De Silva, F. [Cat. no. 6652] K001124421 Unknown Type Material Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 6652] Burma K001124422 Unknown Type Material Yes
Blume, C.L. [s.n.] Indonesia Piper blumei K000794883 Unknown Type Material Yes
Korthals, P.W. [s.n.] Indonesia Piper blumei K000794882 Unknown Type Material Yes
Asmarayani, R. [Rani 367] Indonesia Piper malamiri K001926560 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Malaysia Piper betel K000842345 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Malaysia Piper betel K000842343 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Malaysia Piper betel K000842344 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Singapore Piper betel K000842346 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Malaysia Piper betel K000842342 Yes
Hohenacker, R.F. [491] India Chavica betle K004030812 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images