Schinus molle L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 388 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Peru to N. Chile, S. Brazil to NE. Argentina. It is a tree and grows primarily in the subtropical biome. It is used as animal food, a poison, a medicine and invertebrate food, has environmental uses and social uses and for fuel and food.

Distribution

Native to:

Argentina Northeast, Brazil South, Chile North, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay

Introduced into:

Algeria, Angola, Ascension, Botswana, California, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Florida, Free State, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Hawaii, Iraq, Italy, Libya, Madeira, Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Morocco, Northern Provinces, Pakistan, Palestine, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Sardegna, Senegal, Sicilia, Somalia, Spain, St.Helena, Texas, Tunisia, Yemen

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

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PAFTOL

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
  • Berhaut, J. (1971). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 1: 1-626. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.
  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, R.S. & Celis, M. (eds.) (2016). Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia 1-2: 1-3068. Libro impreso.
  • Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., & Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). Vascular plants of Greece. An annotated checklist: 1-372. Botanic gardens and botanical museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin and Hellenic botanical society, Athens.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Dufour-Dror, J.M. & Fragman-Sapir, O. in Dufour-Dror, J.M. (2019). Alien Plant Species in Natural & Disturbed Areas in Israel. Alien Invasive Plants in Israel, ed. 2: 1-246. Dan Perry Pub., Nature & Parks Authority, Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection.
  • Fairhurst, W. (2004). Flowering Plants of Ascension island: 1-300. Higham Press, Shirland, Alfreton, England.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Garcillán, P.P. & al. (2013). Plantas no nativas naturalizadas de la península de Baja California, México. Botanical Sciences 91: 461-475.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].
  • Gutiérrez, J. & Solano, E. (2014). Afinidades florísticas y fitogeográficas de la vegetación del municipio de San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, México. Acta Botanica Mexicana 107: 27-65. Instituto de Ecología A.C.
  • Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1989 publ. 1990). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 3: 1-659. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Retief, E. & Meyer, N.L. (2017). Plants of the Free State inventory and identification guide. Strelitzia 38: 1-1236. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Stinca, A. & al. (2017). New alien vascular species for the flora of southern Italy. Webbia; Raccolta de Scritti Botanici 72: 295-301.
  • Thulin, M. (ed.) in Thulin, M. (ed.) (1999). Flora of Somalia 2: 1-303. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (eds.) (1980). Flora of Iraq 4(1): 1-628. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, rev. ed., 1: 1-988. University of Hawai'i Press, Bishop Museum Press.
  • Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • von Raab-Staube, E. & Raus, T. (eds.) (2019). Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 11. Willdenowia 49: 421-445.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2009). Nova silva cusatlantica. Árboles nativos e introduciados de El Salvador. Parte 1: Angiospermae - Familias A a L. Englera 29-1: 1-438.
  • Berhaut, J. (1971). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 1: 1-626. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.
  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, R.S. & Celis, M. (eds.) (2016). Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia 1-2: 1-3068. Libro impreso.
  • Brown, L.C. (1982). The Flora and Fauna of St Helena: 1-88. Land Resources Development Centre, Surbiton, England.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Dufour-Dror, J.M. & Fragman-Sapir, O. in Dufour-Dror, J.M. (2019). Alien Plant Species in Natural & Disturbed Areas in Israel. Alien Invasive Plants in Israel, ed. 2: 1-246. Dan Perry Pub., Nature & Parks Authority, Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection.
  • Fairhurst, W. (2004). Flowering Plants of Ascension island: 1-300. Higham Press, Shirland, Alfreton, England.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Forzza, R.C., Zappi, D. & Souza, V.C. (2016-continuously updated). Flora do Brasil 2020 em construção http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/listaBrasil/ConsultaPublicaUC/ResultadoDaConsultaNovaConsulta.do.
  • GBIF (2008-2020). Global Biodiversity Information Facility http://www.gbif.org/.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Garcillán, P.P. & al. (2013). Plantas no nativas naturalizadas de la península de Baja California, México. Botanical Sciences 91: 461-475.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Gutiérrez, J. & Solano, E. (2014). Afinidades florísticas y fitogeográficas de la vegetación del municipio de San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, México. Acta Botanica Mexicana 107: 27-65. Instituto de Ecología A.C.
  • Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1989 publ. 1990). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 3: 1-659. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.
  • Nasir, E. & Ali, S.I. (eds.) (1980-). Flora of Pakistan 135- Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
  • Retief, E. & Meyer, N.L. (2017). Plants of the Free State inventory and identification guide. Strelitzia 38: 1-1236. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Thulin, M. (ed.) in Thulin, M. (ed.) (1999). Flora of Somalia 2: 1-303. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (eds.) (1980). Flora of Iraq 4(1): 1-628. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • USDA, NRCS ( 2021-continuously updated). Natural Resources Conservation Services Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=checklist.html.
  • Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R. & Sohmer, S.H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, rev. ed., 1: 1-988. University of Hawai'i Press, Bishop Museum Press.
  • Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Ulian, T., Sacandé, M., Hudson, A., & Mattana, E. (2017). Conservation of indigenous plants to support community livelihoods: the MGU–Useful Plants Project. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 60:668-683.
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Hughes, C.E. [925] Mexico K004157268 Yes
Perdue, R.E.; Kibuwa, S.P. [8146] Kenya K004157252 Yes
Faure, A. [s.n.] Algeria K004157219 Yes
Tweedie [s.n.] Uruguay K004157377 Yes
Brooks, A.J. [64] Gambia, The K004157604 Yes
Andrieux, G. [467] Mexico K000081535 Yes
Hutchinson, J. [1087a] South Africa K004157260 Yes
Beetle, A.A. [26131] Chile K004157381 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] South Africa K004157263 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United States K004157270 Yes
Whaley, O.; Orellana, A.; Muchaypiña, J.; Mendoza, M. [291] Peru K004157311 Yes
Gardner, M.F.; Knees, S.G. [5663] Chile K004157380 Yes
s.coll. [1203] Zimbabwe K004157242 Yes
Steinbach, J. [8631] Bolivia K004157316 Yes
[H. Christic] [s.n.] Mexico K004157267 Yes
Hinton, G.B. [3125] Mexico K000081536 Yes
Whaley, O.; Orellana, A.; Muchaypiña, J.; Mendoza, M. [291] Peru K004157310 Yes
Symon, D.E. [8807] Australia K004157234 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Argentina K004157366 Yes
Bos, J.J. [623] South Africa K004157255 Yes
Mandon, G. [766] Bolivia K004157312 Yes
Burkart, A. [14232] Argentina K004157368 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157625 No
Bos, J.J. [623] South Africa K004157256 Yes
Camerik, A.M. [95] Botswana K004157236 Yes
Jansen, P.C.M. [5184] Ethiopia K004157243 Yes
Troupin, G. [16316] Rwanda K004157606 Yes
Brucher, H.; Brücher, O. [10161] Argentina K004157375 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157613 Yes
Forster, P.I. [PIF7511] Australia K004157231 Yes
Rodin, R. [3877] South Africa K004157262 Yes
Symon, D.E. [13931] Australia K004157232 Yes
Bowen, H. [318] Australia K004157230 Yes
Renvoize, S.A.; Wilmot-Dear, M.; Kiesling, R. [3403] Argentina K004157363 Yes
Spruce, R. [5051] Ecuador K000201246 Yes
Pichi-Sermolli, R. [470] Eritrea K004157609 Yes
Pennington, T.D.; Sarukán K., J. [9223] Mexico K000081538 No
Semsei, S.R. [4204] Tanzania K004157246 Yes
Faure, A. [s.n.] Algeria K004157220 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157624 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157622 Yes
Symon, D.E. [3184] Australia K004157228 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157621 Yes
Hassler, E. [323] Paraguay K004157274 Yes
Lepschi, B.J.; Godfree, R.C. [5536] Australia K004157233 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] South Africa K004157261 Yes
Bang, M. [770] Bolivia K004157314 Yes
Cuezzo, A.R. [1777] Argentina K004157365 Yes
Vargas C, I.G.G. [7124] Bolivia K004157318 Yes
Wolstenholme, G.E. [48] Bolivia K004157317 Yes
Dexter, K.G.; Marcelo Peña, J.L.; Daza Yomona, A.; Pennington, R.T. [5959] Peru K004157309 Yes
Rodway, F.A. [2101] Australia K004157603 Yes
Montes, J.E. [1899] Argentina K004157362 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Malawi K004157615 Yes
Ginn, P.J. [1] Botswana K004157235 Yes
Spruce, R. [5051] Ecuador K000201247 Yes
Cuming, H. [933] Peru K004157307 Yes
Pichi-Sermolli, R. [470] Eritrea K004157610 Yes
Grimshaw, J.M. [93533] Tanzania K004157614 Yes
Gregg, J. [569] Mexico K004157266 Yes
Watkins, G. [603] Kenya K004157248 Yes
Cabrera, A.L.; Troncoso, N.S.; Botta, S.; Ulibarri, E.; Zuloaga, F.O. [29286] Argentina K004157364 Yes
Pennington, T.D.; Sarukán K., J. [9224] Mexico K000081537 No
Badcock [826] Bolivia K004157319 Yes
Milano, V.A. [s.n.] Argentina K004157367 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157617 Yes
Parkinson, W. [s.n.] Peru K004157308 Yes
Schaffner [s.n.] Mexico K004031196 Yes
Keith, H.G. [s.n.] Libya K004157221 Yes
Dahlstrand, K.A. [2376] South Africa K004157257 Yes
Rodway, F.A. [2101A] Australia K004157601 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Uruguay K004157378 Yes
Medina, W.A.; Cajade, R. [521] Argentina K004157369 Yes
[A. F. Honey-Kyte] [PA1] Algeria K004157218 Yes
Montes, J.E. [1446] Argentina K004157376 Yes
Hutchinson, J. [1087a] South Africa K004157259 Yes
[M. Rellmans] [2515] Burundi K004157607 Yes
Tweedie [s.n.] Uruguay K004157379 Yes
Jardim, A. [276] Bolivia K004157315 Yes
Semsei, S.R. [Semsei2438] Tanzania K004157247 Yes
Cuezzo, A.R. [701] Argentina K004157373 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157623 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157253 Yes
Tressens, S.G.; Brescasín, N.; Castillejo, F.; Ferrucci, S. [3785] Argentina K004157372 Yes
Acres [232] Yemen K004157216 Yes
Montes, J.E. [98-B] Argentina K004157371 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157238 Yes
Ryding, O. [1165] Ethiopia K004157608 Yes
Laukkonen, P. [44] Greece K004157214 Yes
Nicolas, F. Mexico K000081533 Yes
Symon, D.E. [2984] Australia K004157229 Yes
Montes, J.E. [1899] Argentina K004157370 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Malawi K004157616 Yes
Shah, M.; Dilawar [379] Pakistan K004157223 Yes
Liebm. [[4]] Mexico K004157269 Yes
Hassler, E. [12023] Paraguay K004157272 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004031195 Yes
[V. Arsené] [4582] Argentina K004157374 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Jamaica K004157620 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157249 Yes
de Heldreich [s.n.] Greece K004157215 Yes
[Steriton, C.F.] [10843] South Africa K004157264 Yes
Nuttall, L.W. [150] United States K004157271 Yes
Clausen, R.T.; Edwards, J.L. [7448] Mexico K000081531 Yes
Cowper, S.G. [s.n.] Egypt K004157217 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157250 Yes
Williamson, C. [745] Lesotho K004157258 Yes
Buchtien, O. [s.n.] Bolivia K004157313 Yes
Rodway, F.A. [2101] Australia K004157602 Yes
Hartweg, C.T. [14] Mexico K000081534 Yes
Symon, D.E. [2141] Australia K004157227 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] South Africa K004157265 Yes
Schaffner, J.G. [115] Mexico K000081532 Yes
Greenway, P.J. [10879] Kenya K004157251 Yes
Pedersen, T.M. [4403] Paraguay K004157273 Yes
Pichi Sermolli, R. [470] Eritrea K004157611 No
Pauwels, L. [5307] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K004157605 Yes
Imp. Agric Coll. [A-85] Ethiopia K004157612 Yes
Wild, H. [5835] Zimbabwe K004157241 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004157244 Yes
Keith, H.G. [s.n.] Libya K004157222 Yes
s.coll. [32] Tanzania K004157245 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    • ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    • https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/
  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images
  • Neotropikey

    • Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0