Distribution
Native to:
Afghanistan, Alaska, Albania, Alberta, Altay, Amur, Arizona, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, British Columbia, Bulgaria, California, Central European Rus, China North-Central, China South-Central, Colorado, Connecticut, Czechoslovakia, Delaware, Denmark, East European Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kamchatka, Kentucky, Khabarovsk, Korea, Magadan, Maine, Manchuria, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mongolia, Montana, Nebraska, Netherlands, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Norway, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pakistan, Pennsylvania, Poland, Primorye, Qinghai, Québec, Rhode I., Romania, Saskatchewan, South Dakota, South European Russi, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tennessee, Texas, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Ukraine, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Himalaya, West Siberia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang, Yugoslavia, Yukon
Synonyms
Homotypic Synonyms
- Aparine borealis (L.) Hill in Herb. Brit. 2: 151 (1770)
- Galium boreale var. genuinum Gren. in J.C.M.Grenier & G.Gordon, Fl. France Corse 2: 17 (1850), not validly publ.
- Galium boreale f. genuinum Maxim. in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 141 (1859), not validly publ.
- Galium boreale var. typicum Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 8: 9 (1903), not validly publ.
- Galium boreale var. vulgare Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 18: 315 (1845), not validly publ.
- Galium trinerve Moench in Methodus: 486 (1794), nom. superfl.
- Rubia borealis (L.) Baill. in Hist. Pl. 7: 374 (1880)
- Trichogalium boreale (L.) Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 16: 396 (1868)
Heterotypic Synonyms
- Galium auriense Pourr. ex Willk. & Lange in Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 2: 310 (1868)
- Galium boreale var. angustifolium (Freyn) Cufod. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89: 226 (1940)
- Galium boreale var. ciliatum Nakai in J. Jap. Bot. 15: 340 (1939)
- Galium boreale var. diffusum (Schrad. ex Link) Rchb. in Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 208 (1831)
- Galium boreale var. elatius Gaudin in Fl. Helv. 1: 415 (1828)
- Galium boreale var. glabrum Spenn. in Fl. Friburg.: 465 (1825)
- Galium boreale var. glabrum St.-Lag. in A.Cariot, Étude Fl., éd. 8, 2: 387 (1889)
- Galium boreale var. glabrum Q.H.Liu in Fl. Hubeiensis 3: 637 (2002), nom. illeg.
- Galium boreale var. hirsutum Serg. in Trudy Biol. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. 2: 65 (1936)
- Galium boreale subf. hirto-scabrum C.G.Westerl. in Bot. Not. 1906: 5 (1906)
- Galium boreale var. hispidulum Spenn. in Fl. Friburg.: 465 (1825)
- Galium boreale f. humidiusculum C.G.Westerl. in Bot. Not. 1906: 5 (1906)
- Galium boreale subsp. hyssopifolium (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens in Fl. Würtemberg: 100 (1834)
- Galium boreale f. hyssopifolium (Hoffm.) B.Boivin in Naturaliste Canad. 93: 433 (1966)
- Galium boreale var. hyssopifolium (Hoffm.) DC. in Prodr. 4: 600 (1830), nom. superfl.
- Galium boreale subsp. incurvatum (Urschler) Soják in Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 148: 77 (1979 publ. 1980)
- Galium boreale subsp. intermedium (DC.) Soják in Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 150: 138 (1981 publ. 1982)
- Galium boreale var. intermedium DC. in Prodr. 4: 601 (1830)
- Galium boreale f. kamtschaticum Maxim. in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 141 (1859)
- Galium boreale var. kamtschaticum (Maxim.) Nakai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23: 103 (1909)
- Galium boreale var. koreanum Nakai in J. Jap. Bot. 15: 340 (1939)
- Galium boreale var. lanceolatum Nakai in J. Jap. Bot. 15: 341 (1939)
- Galium boreale var. lancilimbum W.C.Chen in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 28: 302 (1990)
- Galium boreale f. latifolium Maxim. in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 141 (1859), nom. illeg.
- Galium boreale var. latifolium Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 18: 315 (1845), nom. illeg.
- Galium boreale var. leiocarpum Meyen in Chloris Han.: 366 (1836)
- Galium boreale var. linearifolium Rydb. in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 375 (1900)
- Galium boreale subsp. linearifolium (Rydb.) Soják in Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 150: 138 (1981 publ. 1982)
- Galium boreale var. nudum Klett & Richt. in Fl. Leipzig: 149 (1830)
- Galium boreale var. pseudorubioides Schur in Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 280 (1866)
- Galium boreale subsp. pseudorubioides (Schur) Soó in Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 125 (1971 publ. 1972)
- Galium boreale var. roseum N.Coleman in Cat. Fl. Pl. S. Pen. Michigan: 18 (1874)
- Galium boreale var. scabrum DC. in Prodr. 4: 601 (1830)
- Galium boreale subsp. septentrionale (Roem. & Schult.) H.Hara in J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 378 (1956)
- Galium boreale var. septentrionale (Roem. & Schult.) Kliphuis in Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C 76: 459 (1973), no basionym ref.
- Galium boreale subsp. ussuriense (Pobed.) Vorosch. in A.K.Skvortsov (ed.), Florist. Issl. Razn. Raionakh SSSR: 192 (1985)
- Galium boreale var. vogesiacum (F.Gérard) Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 8: 10 (1903)
- Galium diffusum Schrad. ex Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 134 (1821), nom. illeg.
- Galium hyssopifolium Hoffm. in Deutschl. Fl. Bot. Taschenb. 3: 71 (1800)
- Galium mesocarpon A.Kern. in Sched. Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. 6: 67 (1893)
- Galium nervosum Lam. in Fl. Franç. 3: 378 (1779)
- Galium orbibracteatum Chaub. in J.F.B.de Saint-Amans, Fl. Agen.: 66 (1821)
- Galium rubioides Willd. ex Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 2: 411 (1844), not validly publ.
- Galium rubioides var. angustifolium Freyn in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 45: 341 (1895)
- Galium rubioides var. hyssopifolium Pers. in Syn. Pl. 1: 125 (1805)
- Galium rubioides var. latifolium Freyn in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 45: 342 (1895)
- Galium schilkense Popov in Fl. Centr. Sibiri 2: 685 (1959)
- Galium septentrionale Roem. & Schult. in Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 3: 253 (1818)
- Galium septentrionale var. glabrum Urschler in Phyton (Horn) 6: 53 (1955)
- Galium septentrionale var. incurvatum Urschler in Phyton (Horn) 6: 52 (1955)
- Galium strictum Torr. in Cat. Pl. New York: 23 (1819)
- Galium trinervium Gilib. in Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 12 (1782), opus utique oppr.
- Galium ussuriense Pobed. in V.L.Komarov, Fl. URSS 23: 716 (1958)
- Galium utahense Eastw. in Leafl. W. Bot. 1: 55 (1933)
- Galium vogesiacum F.Gérard in C.Magnier, Scrin. Fl. Select. 13: 323 (1894)
Publications
POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:
- Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2007). Flora Iberica 15: 1-449. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
- Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
- Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., & Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). Vascular plants of Greece. An annotated checklist: 1-372. Botanic gardens and botanical museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin and Hellenic botanical society, Athens.
- Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
- Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
- Krasnoborov, I.M. & Armemov, I.A. (2012). Opredelitel' Rastenii Respublika Altai: 1-640. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo SO RAN.
- Lamont, E.E., Glenn, S.D. & Young, S.M. (2011). Noteworthy plants reported from the Torrey Range - 2009 and 2010. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 138: 472-484.
- Larson, J., Reif, B., Nelson, B.E. & Hartman, R.L. (2014). Floristic studies in North Central New Mexico, U.S.A. the Sange de Cristo mountains. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 8: 271-303.
- Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
- Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds.) (2011). Flora of China 19: 1-884. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2007). Flora Iberica 15: 1-449. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
- Ehrendorfer, F., Schönbeck-Temesy, E., Puff, C. & Rechinger, W. (2005). Rubiaceae. Flora Iranica 176: 1-287. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien.
- Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
- Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
- Krasnoborov, I.M. & Armemov, I.A. (2012). Opredelitel' Rastenii Respublika Altai: 1-640. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo SO RAN.
- Larson, J., Reif, B., Nelson, B.E. & Hartman, R.L. (2014). Floristic studies in North Central New Mexico, U.S.A. the Sange de Cristo mountains. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 8: 271-303.
- Ruhsam, M. (2005). Survey of all the Rubiaceae specimens at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Wu, Z., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (eds.) (2011). Flora of China 19: 1-884. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
Other Data
Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:
Sources
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Kew Backbone Distributions
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2022 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2022 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Science Photographs
- Copyright applied to individual images