- Family:
- Poaceae Barnhart
- Genus:
- Cenchrus L.
Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone

[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean, Guiana Shield, Caribbean, Orinoquia, Pacific. Elevation range: 0–3000 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Naturalised in Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia, Arauca, Bolívar, Caldas, Casanare, Cauca, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta, Nariño, Santander, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vichada.
- Habit
- Herb.
- Conservation
- IUCN Red List Assessment (2021): LC.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, savanna, shrubland, native grassland, artificial - terrestrial.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 0 - 3000 m.; Andes, Guayana y Serranía de La Macarena, Llanura del Caribe, Orinoquia, Pacífico, Valle del Cauca, Valle del Magdalena.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba
[FTEA]
Gramineae, W. D. Clayton, S. M. Phillips & S. A. Renvoize. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1974
- Morphology General Habit
- Robust perennial, often forming bamboo-like clumps; culms 1–6 m. high or more.
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaf-blades up to 120 cm. long, 4 cm. wide.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Panicle linear, 7–30 cm. long; rhachis cylindrical, with or without short peduncle-stumps, pubescent; involucre enclosing 1–5 spikelets, one of them sessile and hermaphrodite, the others shortly pedicelled and ♂ (but scarcely different in appearance); bristles glabrous or obscurely ciliate, the longest 10–40 mm.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets lanceolate, 4.5–7 mm. long, glabrous; lower glume 0; upper glume 1/4–1/2 the length of the spikelet, rarely 0; lower lemma 2/3 to as long as the spikelet (rarely less), ♂ or barren, membranous, acuminate; upper lemma subcoriaceous and shining in the lower half, acuminate; anther tips bearing a tiny tuft of hairs (very rarely glabrous).
- Figures
- Fig. 156.
- Habitat
- Riverine sites, valley bottoms and forest margins, with a preference for rich soils; widely cultivated for fodder under the names “Elephant” and “Napier” grass; 0–2500 m.
- Distribution
- K4 K5 K7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 U1 U2 U3 tropical Africaintroduced to most other tropical countries
[FWTA]
Gramineae, W. D. Clayton. Flora of West Tropical Africa 3:2. 1972
- Morphology General Habit
- A robust perennial up to 8 m. high and 2.5 cm. diam. at the base
- Ecology
- Commonly occurs near the banks of streams.
[GB]
- Morphology General Habit
- Perennial. Stolons present. Culms erect, or geniculately ascending; robust; 100-600 cm long. Ligule a fringe of hairs; 3-5 mm long. Leaf-blades 30-120 cm long; 20-40 mm wide. Leaf-blade margins cartilaginous; scaberulous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence a panicle. Peduncle pubescent above. Panicle spiciform; linear; 7-30 cm long; 1-3 cm wide. Primary panicle branches accrescent to a central axis; with lateral stumps on axis, or with sessile scars on axis. Panicle axis terete; pubescent; bearing deciduous spikelet clusters. Spikelets subtended by an involucre. Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the cluster. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 0-4 in the cluster. Involucre composed of bristles; oblong; 8-16 mm long; base obtuse. Involucral bristles deciduous with the fertile spikelets; numerous; with one conspicuously longer bristle; 10-40 mm long; terete; flexible; glabrous, or ciliate.
- Sterile
- Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; dorsally compressed; 4.5-7 mm long; as long as fertile; deciduous with the fertile. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; exserted from glumes.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate; dorsally compressed; 4.5-7 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; lanceolate; dorsally compressed; 4.5-7 mm long; as long as fertile; deciduous with the fertile. Companion sterile spikelet lemmas 2; exserted from glumes.
- Fertile
- Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. Spikelets lanceolate; dorsally compressed; 4.5-7 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Glumes both absent or obscure, or one the lower absent or obscure; shorter than spikelet; thinner than fertile lemma. Upper glume lanceolate, or ovate; 0.75-3 mm long; 0.25-0.5 length of spikelet; membranous; without keels; 0-1 -veined. Upper glume primary vein absent, or distinct. Upper glume apex obtuse, or acute.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Florets
- Basal sterile florets male, or barren; with palea, or without significant palea. Lemma of lower sterile floret lanceolate; 0.66-1 length of spikelet; chartaceous; (1-)2-5(-7) -veined; acute, or acuminate. Fertile lemma lanceolate; 5-7 mm long; coriaceous; shiny; without keel; 5-7 -veined. Lemma margins flat; eciliate. Lemma apex acuminate. Palea coriaceous.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Lodicules absent. Anthers 3; 2-3.1 mm long; anther tip penicillate. Styles connate below.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Caryopsis with adherent pericarp; ellipsoid, or ovoid; dorsally compressed; concealed by floret; 1.8-2.2 mm long.
- Distribution
- Africa: Macaronesia, west tropical, west-central tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, southern tropical, south, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: Arabia, China, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. Pacific: southwestern, south-central, northwestern, and north-central. North America: southeast USA and Mexico. South America: Mesoamericana, Caribbean, northern South America, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America.
- Reference
- Paniceae. FTEA.
[FZ]
Gramineae, W. D. Clayton. Flora Zambesiaca 10:3. 1989
- Morphology General Habit
- Robust perennial, often forming bamboo-like clumps.
- Morphology Culms
- Culms 1–6 m. high.
- Morphology Leaves Leaf lamina
- Leaf laminae up to 120 cm. long and 4 cm. wide.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Panicle 7–30 cm. long, linear; rhachis cylindrical, with or without short peduncle stumps, pubescent; involucre enclosing 1–5 spikelets, one of them sessile and bisexual, the others shortly pedicelled and male (but scarcely different in appearance); bristles glabrous or obscurely ciliate, the longest 10–40 mm.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Spikelets
- Spikelets 4.5–7 mm. long.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Glume
- Inferior glume suppressed, the superior 1/4–1/2 length of spikelet or rarely suppressed.
- Inferior
- Inferior glume suppressed, the superior 1/4–1/2 length of spikelet or rarely suppressed. Inferior lemma 2/3 to as long as spikelet (rarely less).
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Lemma
- Inferior lemma 2/3 to as long as spikelet (rarely less). Superior lemma subcoriaceous and shining in the inferior half.
- Superior
- Superior lemma subcoriaceous and shining in the inferior half.
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens Anthers
- Anther tips bearing a tiny tuft of hairs (very rarely glabrous).
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Environmental
- Environmental uses.
- Use Fuel
- Used for fuels.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Invertebrate Food
- Used as invertebrate food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Social
- Social uses.
Doubtfully present in:
Saudi Arabia
Native to:
Aldabra, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Repu, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Oman, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
Introduced into:
Alabama, Andaman Is., Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Assam, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, California, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Caroline Is., Cayman Is., China South-Central, China Southeast, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Is., Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Florida, French Guiana, Galápagos, Gilbert Is., Guatemala, Guyana, Hainan, Haiti, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Jawa, Kazan-retto, KwaZulu-Natal, Laos, Leeward Is., Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Madeira, Malaya, Maluku, Marianas, Marshall Is., Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Morocco, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand North, Nicaragua, Nicobar Is., Niue, Norfolk Is., Northern Provinces, Ogasawara-shoto, Palestine, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Rodrigues, Réunion, Samoa, Society Is., Solomon Is., Sri Lanka, St.Helena, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Swaziland, Taiwan, Texas, Thailand, Trinidad-Tobago, Tubuai Is., Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Wallis-Futuna Is., West Himalaya, Windward Is.
- Gymnotrix nitens Andersson
- Pennisetum benthamii Steud.
- Pennisetum blepharideum Gilli
- Pennisetum flavicomum Leeke
- Pennisetum flexispica K.Schum.
- Pennisetum giganteum Regel
- Pennisetum gossweileri Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
- Pennisetum hainanense H.R.Zhao & A.T.Liu
- Pennisetum lachnorrhachis Peter
- Pennisetum macrostachyum Benth.
- Pennisetum nitens (Andersson) Hack.
- Pennisetum pallescens Leeke
- Pennisetum pruinosum Leeke
- Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.
- Pennisetum purpureum subsp. benthamii (Steud.) Maire & Weiller
- Pennisetum purpureum subsp. flexispica (K.Schum.) Maire & Weiller
Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zollinger, H. [2367] | Pennisetum macrostachyum | K000290601 | isotype | Yes | |
Jun 1, 2004 | Gosline, G. [282], Cameroon | Pennisetum purpureum | K000746240 | No | |
Jun 1, 2001 | Etuge, M. [4487], Cameroon | Pennisetum purpureum | K000107927 | No | |
Jun 1, 2001 | Cable, S. [894], Cameroon | Pennisetum purpureum | K000107887 | No | |
Feb 1, 1996 | Patterson, C. [6], Cameroon | Pennisetum purpureum | K000107946 | No | |
Jan 1, 1996 | Marsden, J. [27], Cameroon | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731226 | No | |
Jan 1, 1994 | Thomas, D.W. [9899], Cameroon | Pennisetum purpureum | K000510853 | No | |
Jan 1, 1994 | Cheek, M. [5208], Cameroon | Pennisetum purpureum | K000510856 | No | |
Jan 1, 1993 | Casas, F. [11465], Equatorial Guinea | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731232 | No | |
Jan 1, 1993 | Carvalho [4539], Equatorial Guinea | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731233 | No | |
Jan 1, 1981 | Friis, I. [170], Sudan | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731236 | No | |
Jan 19, 1977 | Lowe, J. [2956], Cameroon | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731227 | No | |
Oct 1, 1962 | Brunt, M. [592], Cameroon | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731228 | No | |
Oct 1, 1931 | Brown [836], Ghana | Pennisetum purpureum | K000281313 | Yes | |
Gossweiler, J. [5896], Angola | Pennisetum purpureum | K000281292 | holotype | Yes | |
Vogel, Nigeria | Pennisetum purpureum | K000281312 | syntype | Yes | |
Vogel, Nigeria | Pennisetum purpureum | K000281311 | syntype | Yes | |
Vogel, Equatorial Guinea | Pennisetum purpureum | K000281310 | syntype | Yes | |
Chipp. [1011], Ghana | Pennisetum purpureum | K000281314 | Yes | ||
Smitinand, T. [6124], Thailand | Pennisetum purpureum | K000688365 | No | ||
Folli, D.A. [2619], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106086 | Yes | ||
Paciornik, E.F. [32], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106088 | Yes | ||
Irwin, H.S. [14139], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106089 | Yes | ||
Imaguire, N. [3358], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106090 | Yes | ||
Eiten, G. [2899], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106094 | Yes | ||
Hatschbach, G. [15856], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106095 | Yes | ||
Pilz, G.E. [2628], Nigeria | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731218 | No | ||
Brummitt, R.K. [10553], Malawi | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731244 | No | ||
Aslte, W.L. [2131], Zambia | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731251 | No | ||
Hepper, F.N. [1852], Nigeria | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731225 | No | ||
Wild, H. [2656], Mozambique | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731239 | No | ||
Blair Rains, A. [204], Nigeria | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731219 | No | ||
Ward, J.F. [48], Nigeria | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731223 | No | ||
Wild, H. [3367], Zimbabwe | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731253 | No | ||
Harrison, M.N. [489], Sudan | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731237 | No | ||
Hepper, F.N. [1323], Nigeria | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731229 | No | ||
Crook, A.O. [P68], Zimbabwe | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731254 | No | ||
Richards, H.M. [9416], Zambia | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731248 | No | ||
Gutzwiller [773], Congo | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731231 | No | ||
Eiten, G. [7391], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106091 | Yes | ||
Robinson, E.A. [601], Zambia | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731250 | No | ||
Saadou, M. [2372], Niger | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731213 | No | ||
Van der Ben, D. [586], Congo | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731234 | No | ||
Gilliland, H.B. [189], Zimbabwe | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731255 | No | ||
Banda, E.A. [3341], Malawi | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731240 | No | ||
Sorensen, Th. [2633], Thailand | Pennisetum purpureum | K000688366 | No | ||
Strang, H.E. [189], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106096 | Yes | ||
Mitchell, B.L. [2627], Zambia | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731249 | No | ||
Baldwin, J.T. Jr. [10145], Liberia | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731217 | No | ||
Smith, P.P. [972], Zambia | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731252 | No | ||
Deighton, F.C. [3272], Sierra Leone | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731216 | No | ||
Latilo [FHI66276], Nigeria | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731220 | No | ||
Kivu, L. [679], Congo | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731235 | No | ||
De Witte [3977], Congo | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731230 | No | ||
FNH [8005], Côte d'Ivoire | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731215 | No | ||
Lawlor, D.W. [625], Nigeria | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731222 | No | ||
Phiri, R. [62], Zambia | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731246 | No | ||
Irwin, H.S. [5748], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106093 | Yes | ||
Jackson, J.K. [358], Sudan | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731238 | No | ||
de Lemos, F. [23], Mozambique | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731243 | No | ||
Lawesson, J.E. [5427], Senegal | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731210 | No | ||
Strid, A. [2460], Zambia | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731247 | No | ||
Saadou, M. [2273], Niger | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731214 | No | ||
Yeates [250/89], Mali | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731211 | No | ||
Salubeni, A.J. [1958], Malawi | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731245 | No | ||
Salubeni, A.J. [3885], Malawi | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731241 | No | ||
Smith, S. [2936], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106087 | Yes | ||
Brass, L.J. [17100], Malawi | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731242 | No | ||
Lowe, J. [4309], Brazil | Pennisetum purpureum | K001106092 | Yes | ||
Gwynne [1107B], Seychelles | Pennisetum purpureum | K000731256 | No |
First published in Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 106: 129 (2010)
Accepted by
- Govaerts, R., Nic Lughadha, E., Black, N., Turner, R. & Paton, A. (2021). The World Checklist of Vascular Plants, a continuously updated resource for exploring global plant diversity. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00997-6. Scientific Data 8: 215.
- Middleton, D.J. & al. (eds.) (2019). Flora of Singapore 7: 1-525. Singapore Botanic Gardens.
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Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
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