Betula pendula subsp. pendula
Distribution
Native to:
Albania, Altay, Argentina South, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, Central European Rus, Chita, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East European Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Krasnoyarsk, Krym, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, North Caucasus, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sicilia, South European Russi, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Tuva, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Siberia, Yugoslavia
Introduced into:
Argentina Northeast, British Columbia, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Manitoba, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Primorye, Tasmania, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin
Synonyms
Heterotypic Synonyms
- Betula aetnensis Raf. ex J.Presl & C.Presl in Delic. Prag.: 144 (1822), orth. var.
- Betula alba var. aetherea Wallr. in Sched. Crit.: 494 (1822)
- Betula alba var. arborescens Wallr. in Sched. Crit.: 494 (1822)
- Betula alba var. arbuscula Fr. in Summa Veg. Scand.: 212 (1845)
- Betula alba var. atropurpurea Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 174 (1891)
- Betula alba var. bircalensis (Mela) Mela in Lyhk. Kasvioppi Kasvio, ed. 3: 315 (1895)
- Betula alba var. carelica Merckl. in Anat. Drevesiny Steblya Ross.: 82 (1857)
- Betula alba f. dalecarlica (L.f.) Regel in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 164 (1868)
- Betula alba var. dalecarlica L.f. in Suppl. Pl.: 416 (1782)
- Betula alba lusus expansa Regel in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 76 (1861)
- Betula alba var. fastigiata Clemenc. in Rev. Hort. (Paris) 42: 580 (1871)
- Betula alba foliis-atropurpureis Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 71: 93 (1874), not validly publ.
- Betula alba var. fontqueri (Rothm.) Maire & Weiller in Fl. Afrique N. 7: 82 (1961)
- Betula alba var. globosa Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 244 (1821 publ. 1822)
- Betula alba var. laciniata Hartm. in Handb. Skand. Fl.: 341 (1820)
- Betula alba laciniata (Hartm.) de Vos in Ned. Fl. Pomona 1: 217 (1876)
- Betula alba f. laciniata (Hartm.) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 174 (1891)
- Betula alba f. lobata Regel in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 164 (1868)
- Betula alba var. lobulata C.Andersson in Obs. Stirp. Christinehamn: 7 (1842)
- Betula alba var. macrocarpa Willd. in Berlin. Baumz.: 37 (1796)
- Betula alba lusus microphylla (Hartm.) Regel in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 76 (1861)
- Betula alba var. microphylla Hartm. in Handb. Skand. Fl.: 341 (1820)
- Betula alba var. oycowiensis (Besser) Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(II): 398 (1865)
- Betula alba pendula-youngii T.Moore in Florist & Pomol. 1873: 60 (1873)
- Betula alba var. purpurea W.Paul in Garden (London, 1871-1927) 5: 364 (1874)
- Betula alba var. saxatilis Lilj. in Utkast Sv. Fl.: 192 (1792)
- Betula alba subsp. verrucosa (Ehrh.) Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 38(II): 397 (1865)
- Betula alba f. verrucosa (Ehrh.) Regel in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 135 (1861)
- Betula alba var. verrucosa (Ehrh.) Mérat in Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris: 371 (1812)
- Betula alba var. vulgaris Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 15: 186 (1841), nom. illeg.
- Betula alba f. vulgaris Regel in Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 135 (1861)
- Betula brachylepis V.N.Vassil. in Trudy Inst. Ekol. Rast. 69: 89 (1969)
- Betula cajanderi f. fruticans Kozhevn. in Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 59: 504 (1974)
- Betula carpatica var. sudetica Rchb. in Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 12: 2 (1850)
- Betula coriacea Pamp. in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 22: 274 (1915)
- Betula cycoviensis Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 107 (1821), sphalm.
- Betula ellipticifolia V.N.Vassil. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 22: 80 (1963)
- Betula etnensis Raf. in Specchio Sci. 1: 17 (1814)
- Betula ferganensis V.N.Vassil. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 7: 108 (1970 publ. 1971)
- Betula fontqueri Rothm. in Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 14: 149 (1940)
- Betula fontqueri subsp. parvibracteata (Peinado, G.Moreno & A.Velasco) Rivas Mart. & Ladero in Itin. Geobot. 15: 698 (2002)
- Betula grandifolia var. pubescens Kuzen. in Trudy Bot. Muz. Imp. Akad. Nauk 12: 64 (1914)
- Betula gummifera Bertol. in Fl. Ital. 10: 229 (1855)
- Betula hippolyti Sukaczev in Severn. Mongoliya 1: 161 (1925 publ. 1926)
- Betula hybrida Blom in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 7: 186 (1786)
- Betula insularis V.N.Vassil. in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 6: 39 (1970)
- Betula kossogolica V.N.Vassil. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 22: 84 (1963)
- Betula kotulae Zaver. in Ukrayins'k. Bot. Zhurn. 21(5): 83 (1964)
- Betula laciniata (Hartm.) Rchb. in Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 12: 3 (1850), nom. illeg.
- Betula laciniata var. crispa Rchb. in Ic. Fl. Germ. 13: 3 c, t. 627 (1850)
- Betula lobulata Kit. in Linnaea 32: 351 (1864)
- Betula ludmilae V.N.Vassil. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 22: 89 (1963)
- Betula microlepis I.V.Vassil. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 97 (1961)
- Betula microlepis var. moldavica Osadchii in Izv. Akad. Nauk Moldavsk. S.S.R., Ser. Biol. Khim. Nauk 1973(6): 11 (1973)
- Betula mongolica V.N.Vassil. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 19: 92 (1959)
- Betula montana V.N.Vassil. in Spisok Rast. Gerb. Fl. S.S.S.R. Bot. Inst. Vsesojuzn. Akad. Nauk 11: 99 (1949)
- Betula obscura Kotula ex Fiek in Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 65: 314 (1887 publ. 1888)
- Betula odorata var. sudetica (Rchb.) P.D.Sell in Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 685 (2018)
- Betula oxycoviensis Besser in Prim. Fl. Galic. 2: 289 (1809)
- Betula oxycoviensis var. majuscula Kindb. in Bot. Not. 1909: 120 (1909)
- Betula oycowiensis Besser in Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 2: 289 (1809)
- Betula oycowiensis var. majuscula Kindb. in Bot. Not. 1909: 120 (1909)
- Betula palmata Borkh. in Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 1: 500 (1800)
- Betula palmata var. bircalensis (Mela) Tzvelev in Fl. Vostochnoĭ Evropy 11: 75 (2004)
- Betula palmata var. crispa (Rchb.) Tzvelev in Fl. Vostochnoĭ Evropy 11: 75 (2004)
- Betula palmata var. lobulata (C.Andersson) Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 34: 58 (2002)
- Betula parvibracteata Peinado, G.Moreno & A.Velasco in Willdenowia 13: 350 (1983 publ. 1984)
- Betula pendula f. bircalensis (Mela) Hämet-Ahti in Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 65: 9 (1989)
- Betula pendula var. carelica (Merckl.) Hämet-Ahti in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 21: 209 (1984)
- Betula pendula f. crispa (Rchb.) Hämet-Ahti in Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 65: 9 (1989)
- Betula pendula f. cuneata C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 112 (1906)
- Betula pendula var. cuneata (C.K.Schneid.) P.D.Sell in Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 685 (2018)
- Betula pendula f. dalecarlica (L.f.) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 167 (1891)
- Betula pendula var. dalecarlica (L.f.) L.H.Bailey in Stand. Cycl. Hort. 1: 408 (1914)
- Betula pendula f. elegans Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 167 (1891)
- Betula pendula var. etnensis (Raf.) P.D.Sell in Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 1: 685 (2018)
- Betula pendula subsp. etnensis (Raf.) Zangh. in Fl. Italica 1: 79 (1976)
- Betula pendula f. fastigiata (Clemenc.) Rehder in Bibliogr. Cult. Trees: 97 (1949)
- Betula pendula var. fontqueri (Rothm.) G.Moreno & Peinado in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 359 (1988)
- Betula pendula subsp. fontqueri (Rothm.) G.Moreno & Peinado in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 359 (1988)
- Betula pendula f. gracilis (Rehder) Rehder in Bibliogr. Cult. Trees: 97 (1949)
- Betula pendula var. gracilis Rehder in L.H.Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort. 1: 498 (1914)
- Betula pendula var. laciniata (Hartm.) Tidestr. in Elys. Marian., Ferns 3: 55 (1910)
- Betula pendula var. lapponica (Lindq.) Hämet-Ahti in Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 65: 9 (1989)
- Betula pendula var. meridionalis G.Moreno & Peinado in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 359 (1988)
- Betula pendula var. microlepis (I.V.Vassil.) Doluch. in Fl. Gruzii, ed. 2, 3: 24 (1975)
- Betula pendula var. obscura (Kotula ex Fiek) Olšavská in Fl. Slovenska 5(3): 149 (2006)
- Betula pendula f. oycowiensis (Besser) Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 167 (1891)
- Betula pendula var. oycowiensis (Besser) C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 112 (1904)
- Betula pendula f. palmeri Hämet-Ahti in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 29: 329 (1992)
- Betula pendula var. parvibracteata (Peinado, G.Moreno & A.Velasco) G.Moreno & Peinado in Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 359 (1988)
- Betula pendula f. pyramidalis Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 167 (1891)
- Betula pendula f. tristis C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 112 (1904)
- Betula pendula var. tristis (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder in L.H.Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort. 1: 498 (1914)
- Betula pendula f. viscosa (Bean) Rehder in J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 60 (1919)
- Betula pendula f. youngii C.K.Schneid. in Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 112 (1904)
- Betula pinnata var. hybrida Lundmark in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 11: 130 (1790)
- Betula platyphylloides V.N.Vassil. in Spisok Rast. Gerb. Fl. S.S.S.R. Bot. Inst. Vsesojuzn. Akad. Nauk 16: 81 (1966)
- Betula platyphylloides var. microphylla Osadchii in Izv. Akad. Nauk Moldavsk. S.S.R., Ser. Biol. Khim. Nauk 1973(6): 12 (1973)
- Betula pseudopendula V.N.Vassil. in Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. URSS 37: 134 (1958)
- Betula pubescens var. verrucosa (Ehrh.) Rchb. in Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 174 (1831)
- Betula purpurea (W.Paul) H.J.Veitch in Gard. Chron., n.s., 3: 795 (1875)
- Betula szaferi Jent.-Szaf. ex Staszk. in Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 55: 364 (1986)
- Betula talassica Poljakov in Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 6: 54 (1950)
- Betula tiulinae V.N.Vassil. in Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. URSS 37: 128 (1958)
- Betula transbaicalensis V.N.Vassil. in Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. URSS 37: 129 (1958)
- Betula tristis Dippel in Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 174 (1891), pro syn.
- Betula uschkanensis Sukaczev in E.N.Lomakin, Uschnanyi Proikh. Baikala: 186 (1952), nom. nud.
- Betula verrucosa Ehrh. in Beitr. Naturk. Verw. Wiss. 5: 161 (1790)
- Betula verrucosa subsp. ambigua Hampe ex Kindb. in Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)
- Betula verrucosa var. arbuscula (Fr.) H.J.P.Winkl. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 61: 77 (1904)
- Betula verrucosa f. bircalensis Mela in Lyhk. Kasvioppi Kasvio: 117 (1877)
- Betula verrucosa subsp. borealis Kindb. in Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)
- Betula verrucosa f. dalecarlica (L.f.) H.J.P.Winkl. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 61: 76 (1904)
- Betula verrucosa var. dalecarlica (L.f.) Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2: 282 (1890)
- Betula verrucosa var. elegans (Dippel) Schelle in L.Beissner, E.Schelle & H.Zabel, Handb. Laubholzben.: 54 (1903)
- Betula verrucosa f. elegans (Dippel) H.J.P.Winkl. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 61: 76 (1904)
- Betula verrucosa var. elegans-laciniata Adamov in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 44: 346 (1932)
- Betula verrucosa f. expansa Regel in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 13(2): 76 (1861)
- Betula verrucosa subsp. fallax Kindb. in Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)
- Betula verrucosa f. fastigiata K.Koch in Dendrologie 2(1): 657 (1872)
- Betula verrucosa var. frutescens Kindb. in Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)
- Betula verrucosa var. hybrida (Blom) Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur.: 672 (1881), nom. superfl.
- Betula verrucosa var. incisa Brenner in Florist. Handb.: 168 (1886)
- Betula verrucosa var. laciniata Kindb. in Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)
- Betula verrucosa var. lapponica Lindq. in Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 41: 62 (1947)
- Betula verrucosa f. lobata (Regel) Anders ex H.J.P.Winkl. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 61: 77 (1904)
- Betula verrucosa var. lobulata (Kit.) Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2: 282 (1890)
- Betula verrucosa var. microphylla (Hartm.) Fiek in E.Fiek & R.K.F.von Uechtritz, Fl. Schlesien: 399 (1891)
- Betula verrucosa subsp. obscura (Kotula ex Fiek) Á.Löve & D.Löve in Bot. Not. 114: 51 (1961)
- Betula verrucosa var. obscura (Kotula ex Fiek) Gürke in K.Richter, Pl. Eur. 2: 48 (1897)
- Betula verrucosa var. odorata Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur.: 672 (1881)
- Betula verrucosa subsp. oycowiensis (Besser) Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur.: 672 (1881)
- Betula verrucosa var. oycowiensis (Besser) H.J.P.Winkl. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 61: 77 (1904)
- Betula verrucosa subsp. platycarpa Kindb. in Bot. Not. 1909: 115 (1909)
- Betula verrucosa var. pyramidalis Adamov in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 44: 346 (1932)
- Betula verrucosa var. saxatilis Lindq. in Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 41: 66 (1947)
- Betula verrucosa lusus tristis (C.K.Schneid.) Asch. & Graebn. in Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 4: 393 (1910)
- Betula verrucosa f. viscosa Bean in Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 1: 264 (1914)
- Betula verrucosa var. vulgaris H.J.P.Winkl. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 61: 75 (1904), nom. illeg.
- Betula virgultosa Fr. ex Regel in Novye Mem. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. 13: 115 (1861)
- Betula vladimirii V.N.Vassil. in Trudy Inst. For. Acad. Sci. URSS 37: 125 (1958)
Publications
POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:
- Ashburner, K. & McAllister, H.A. (2013). The genus Betula: a taxonomic revision of birches: 1-431. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Webb, C.J., Sykes, W.R & Garnock-Jones, P.J. (1988). Flora of New Zealand 4: 1-1365. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Ashburner, K. & McAllister, H.A. (2013). The genus Betula: a taxonomic revision of birches: 1-431. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Chadde, S.W. (2019). Wisconsin Flora ed. 2: 1-818. Steve W. Chadde.
- Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
- Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
- Meyers, S.C. & al. (eds.) (2020). Flora of Oregon 2: 1-861. Botanical research institute of Texas Press.
- Webb, C.J., Sykes, W.R & Garnock-Jones, P.J. (1988). Flora of New Zealand 4: 1-1365. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
- Zuloaga, F.O. & Belgrano, M.J. (eds.) (2017). Flora Argentina. Flora vascular de la República Argentina 17: 1-434. INTA, IMBIV & IBODA.
- de Salas, MF, Baker, ML (2022). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 1-161. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/resources/census/.
Other Data
Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:
Sources
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IUCN Categories
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Kew Backbone Distributions
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2022 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Kew Living Collection Database
- Common Names from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Living Collection https://www.kew.org/
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Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
- The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
- © Copyright 2022 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Science Photographs
- Copyright applied to individual images