Nitrariaceae
Peganum

Peganum harmala L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 444 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Medit. to Mongolia and India. It is a perennial and grows primarily in the subtropical biome.

Distribution

Native to:

Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, China North-Central, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, Egypt, Greece, India, Inner Mongolia, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Krym, Kuwait, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Mongolia, Morocco, North Caucasus, NW. Balkan Pen., Pakistan, Palestine, Qinghai, Romania, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Sinai, South European Russia, Spain, Tadzhikistan, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuva, Türkiye, Türkiye-in-Europe, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, Xinjiang, Yemen

Introduced into:

Arizona, Baleares, California, Cape Provinces, Colorado, France, Hungary, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Washington

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
  • Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
  • Allred, K.W. (2012). Flora Neomexicana, ed. 2, 1: 1-599. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
  • Boulos, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt 2: 1-352. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
  • Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1-799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
  • Danin, A. & Fragman- Sapir, O. (2019). Flora of Israel Online http://flora.org.il/en/plants/.
  • Daoud, H.S. in Al-Rawi, A. (1985). Flora of Kuwait 1: 1-224. Alden Press Ltd., U.K.
  • Dar, G.H. & Govaerts, R.H.A. (2025). Flora of Kashmir Himalaya: Sind Valley 1: 1-606. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.
  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1967). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 2: 1-581. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Delipavlov, D. & Cheshmedzhiev, I. (eds.) (2011). Opredelitel na rasteniiata v Bulgariia: 1-590. Akad. Isd. Agrar. Univers. Plovdiv.
  • Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., & Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). Vascular plants of Greece. An annotated checklist: 1-372. Botanic gardens and botanical museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin and Hellenic botanical society, Athens.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2012). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 4: 1-431. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • El Hadidi, M.N. (1972). Flora Iranica 98: 1-32. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Komiljon, T., Natalya, B., Avazbek, B., Dilnoza, A., Ziyoviddin, Y., Deng, T. & Sun, H. (2020). Flora of the Dzhizak Province, Uzbekistan: 1-523. China Forestry Publishing House.
  • Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
  • Litvinskaya, S.A. & Murtazaliev, R.A. (2013). Flora of the Northern Caucasus: An Atlas and Identification Book: 1-688. Fiton XXI.
  • Llewellyn, O.A., Hall, M., Miller, A.G., Al-Abbasi, T.M., Al-Wetaid, A.H., Al-Harbi, R.J. & Al-Shammari, K.F. (2011). Important plant areas in the Arabian peninsula: 4. Jabal Aja. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 68: 199-224.
  • Mao, A.A. & Dash, S.S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.
  • Meikle, R.D. (1977). Flora of Cyprus 1: 1-832. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
  • Nasir, E. & Ali, S.I. (eds.) (1970-1995). Flora of West Pakistan 1-131.
  • Nowak, A. & Nobis, M. (eds.) (2020). Illustrated Flora of Tajikistan and adjacent areas 2: 367-766. PAN, Polish academy of sciences.
  • Ovchinnikov, P.N. (ed.) (1981). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 6: 1-725. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Peschkova, G.A. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Siberia 10: 1-314. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Powell, A.M. & Worthington, R.D. (2018). Flowering plants of Trans-Pecos Texas and adjacent areas: 1-1444. BRIT Press.
  • Ri͡abinina, Z.N. & Kni͡azev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.
  • Serapio, J. & al. (2023). Contribution to the alien flora of the Balearic Islands. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural. Secció de botanica 87: 11-28.
  • Shaheen, H., Qureshi, R., Akram, A., Gulfraz, M. & Potter, D. (2014). A preliminary floristic checklist of Thal desert Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistn Journal of Botany 46: 13-18.
  • Shishkin, B.K. (ed.) (1950). Flora Turkmenii 5: 1-271. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
  • Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (eds.) (1980). Flora of Iraq 4(1): 1-628. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
  • Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 11: 1-622. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
  • Zhao, Y.Z., Zhao, L.Q. & Rui, C. (eds.) (2019). Flora Intramongolica, edition 3, 3: 1-513. Typis Intramongolicae popularis, Huhhot.

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
  • Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
  • Allred, K.W. (2012). Flora Neomexicana, ed. 2, 1: 1-599. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
  • Boulos, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt 2: 1-352. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
  • Danin, A. & Fragman- Sapir, O. (2019). Flora of Israel Online http://flora.org.il/en/plants/.
  • Daoud, H.S. in Al-Rawi, A. (1985). Flora of Kuwait 1: 1-224. Alden Press Ltd., U.K.
  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1967). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 2: 1-581. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., & Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). Vascular plants of Greece. An annotated checklist: 1-372. Botanic gardens and botanical museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin and Hellenic botanical society, Athens.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2012). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 4: 1-431. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • El Hadidi, M.N. (1972). Flora Iranica 98: 1-32. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2024). Flora of North America North of Mexico 13: 1-566. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
  • Litvinskaya, S.A. & Murtazaliev, R.A. (2013). Flora of the Northern Caucasus: An Atlas and Identification Book: 1-688. Fiton XXI.
  • Llewellyn, O.A., Hall, M., Miller, A.G., Al-Abbasi, T.M., Al-Wetaid, A.H., Al-Harbi, R.J. & Al-Shammari, K.F. (2011). Important plant areas in the Arabian peninsula: 4. Jabal Aja. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 68: 199-224.
  • Meikle, R.D. (1977). Flora of Cyprus 1: 1-832. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
  • Nasir, E. & Ali, S.I. (eds.) (1970-1995). Flora of West Pakistan 1-131.
  • Ovchinnikov, P.N. (ed.) (1981). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 6: 1-725. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Peschkova, G.A. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Siberia 10: 1-314. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Powell, A.M. & Worthington, R.D. (2018). Flowering plants of Trans-Pecos Texas and adjacent areas: 1-1444. BRIT Press.
  • Ri͡abinina, Z.N. & Kni͡azev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.
  • Serapio, J. & al. (2023). Contribution to the alien flora of the Balearic Islands. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural. Secció de botanica 87: 11-28.
  • Shaheen, H., Qureshi, R., Akram, A., Gulfraz, M. & Potter, D. (2014). A preliminary floristic checklist of Thal desert Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistn Journal of Botany 46: 13-18.
  • Shishkin, B.K. (ed.) (1950). Flora Turkmenii 5: 1-271. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
  • Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (eds.) (1980). Flora of Iraq 4(1): 1-628. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
  • Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2008). Flora of China 11: 1-622. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 2012 Rico, L.; Arevshatyan, I.; Rukhkyan, N. [1783c] Armenia K000661340 Yes
Thulin, M.; Ghebrehiwet, M.; Al-Gifri, A.N. [9388] Yemen K004327153 Yes
Karim, F.; Noori, M.; Hamid, H.; Kadhim, H. [39945] Iraq K004327050 Yes
Lord, J.K. [s.n.] K004327146 Yes
Al-Kaisi; Yahya [45204] Iraq K004327044 Yes
Rico, L.; et al. [1840] Tunisia K000296032 Yes
Field, H.; Lazar, Y. [130] Iraq K004327041 Yes
Tackholm, V.; El-Hadidi, M.N.; Lahham, J.; Boulos, L. [s.n.] Jordan K004327133 Yes
Al-Kaisi [44240] Iraq K004327033 Yes
Jallad, W.; Lahham, J.; Hanania, S. [s.n.] Jordan K004327131 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 1204] K001112404 Unknown Type Material Yes
Omar, S.; Wedad [47507] Iraq K004327045 Yes
D'Angelis, J.D. [s.n.] Israel K004327151 Yes
Robertson, V.C. [S/1113] Jordan K004327138 Yes
s.coll. [43] K004327164 Yes
s.coll. [14573] Iraq K004327025 Yes
Biggs, H.E.J. [s.n.] Iran K004327047 Yes
Bisset, E. [88] Yemen K004327159 Yes
Paranjpye, H.J. [s.n.] Iraq K004327024 Yes
Hemsley, J. [15] Jordan K004327130 Yes
Hendy, C. [161] Yemen K004327155 Yes
Rawi, A.; Haddad, S. [25515] Iraq K004327020 Yes
Dinsmore, J.E. [14798] Jordan K004327139 Yes
Al-Eisawi, D. [s.n.] Jordan K004327132 Yes
Boyko, H. [s.n.] Israel K004327150 Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 1204] K001112402 Unknown Type Material Yes
Carrasco, M.A.; Cirujano, S.; Velayos, M. [s.n.] Morocco K001935379 No
Guest, E.R.; Rawi, A.; Rechinger, K.H. [17462] Iraq K004327019 Yes
Azrini, J.; Barkley, E. [8602] Iraq K004327029 Yes
Al-Kaisi [43489] Iraq K004327032 Yes
Naguib, M.I. [CM] Bahrain K004327161 Yes
Kaiser, A. [208] K004327145 Yes
[Lord Kinnoss] [s.n.] K004327149 Yes
Heyne, B. [Cat. no. 1204] K001112403 Unknown Type Material Yes
Omar, S.; Fawzi; Al-Kaisi; Noori, M. [44283] Iraq K004327035 Yes
[HPL] [s.n.] Iraq K004327022 Yes
Aucher Eloy [807] Syria K004327165 Yes
Guest, E.; Al-Rawi, A.; Abd-Al-Karîm Meri [13519] Iraq K004327026 Yes
Mooney, H.F. [4370] Jordan K004327140 Yes
Tackholm, V.; El-Hadidi, M.N.; Lahham, J.; Boulos, L. [s.n.] Jordan K004327134 Yes
Omar, S.; Hamad, K. [50366] Indonesia K004327051 Yes
Boulos, L.; Addiss, D.; Qumsiyeh, M. [s.n.] Jordan K004327135 Yes
[P.W.T. Henry] [PWTH11/76] Yemen K004327156 Yes
Shabetai, J.R. [318826] Egypt K004327144 Yes
Radcliffe-Smith, A.; Henchie, S.J. [4605] Yemen K004327158 Yes
Alizzi; Husain [33979] Iraq K004327030 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004327143 Yes
Cope, T.A.; Al-Eisawi, D. [353] Jordan K004327129 Yes
Botany staff [43465] Iraq K004327036 Yes
[HPL] [s.n.] Iraq K004327021 Yes
Fawzi; Hazim; Hamid, H. [38649] Iraq K004327052 Yes
Botany staff [41841] Iraq K004327031 Yes
Al-Kaisi; Hamad, K.H.; Hamid, H. [43583] Iraq K004327043 Yes
Paranjpye, H.P. [s.n.] Iraq K004327023 Yes
Chesney, C. [134] Iraq K004327028 Yes
Boulos, L. [s.n.] Egypt K004327141 Yes
Hepper, F.N. [5627] Yemen K004327154 Yes
Lamington (Lord) [s.n.] K004327166 Yes
Rechinger, K.H. [17078] Afghanistan K004327046 Yes
Omar, S.; Hamid, H. [36638] Iraq K004327038 Yes
[Hugh F. Moemillan] [321] Lebanon K004327152 Yes
[Drake] [s.n.] K004327148 Yes
Alizzi; Omar, S. [35369] Iraq K004327040 Yes
Henry, F.; Lazar, Y. [26] Iraq K004327018 Yes
Chakravarty; Rawi; Khatib; Alizzi [32829] Iraq K004327037 Yes
Boulos, L.; Ali, T. [s.n.] Egypt K004327142 Yes
Hendy, C. [163] Yemen K004327157 Yes
Tackholm, V.; El-Hadidi, M.N.; Lahham, J.; Boulos, L. [s.n.] Jordan K004327136 Yes
Omar, S.; Hamid, H. [36716] Iraq K004327042 Yes
Al-Kaisi [44336] Iraq K004327034 Yes
Alizzi [35216] Iraq K004327039 Yes
Polunin, N.; Haines, R.W. [s.n.] Iraq K004327027 Yes
Bové, N. [161] K004327147 Yes
Hossain, M. [525] Iraq K004327048 Yes
Ehrenberg, C.G. [s.n.] Egypt K004007701 Yes
Hamid, H. [38975] Iraq K004327049 Yes
Naguib, M.I. [CM] Bahrain K004327162 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • EBC Common Names

    • Common Names from Kew's Economic Botany Collection https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/collections/economic-botany-collection

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images