Rutaceae
Ruta

Ruta chalepensis L.

First published in Mant. Pl.: 69 (1767)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Macaronesia, Medit. It is a subshrub and grows primarily in the subtropical biome. It is has environmental uses and social uses, as a poison and a medicine and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Albania, Algeria, Azores, Baleares, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Corse, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., France, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, NW. Balkan Pen., Palestine, Portugal, Sardegna, Sicilia, Spain, Tunisia, Türkiye

Introduced into:

Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, California, Chile Central, Chile North, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Gulf of Guinea Is., Haiti, Juan Fernández Is., Leeward Is., Mexican Pacific Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Oman, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, Socotra, Texas, Yemen

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Audru, J., Cesar, J. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1994). Les Plantes Vasculaires de la République de Djibouti. Flore Illustrée 1: 1-336. CIRAD, Départerment d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire, Djibouti.
  • Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce). Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1-799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
  • Danin, A. & Fragman- Sapir, O. (2019). Flora of Israel Online http://flora.org.il/en/plants/.
  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1967). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 2: 1-581. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia, A Journal of Botanical Research 41: 41-82.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2024). Flora of North America North of Mexico 13: 1-566. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Garcillán, P.P. & al. (2013). Plantas no nativas naturalizadas de la península de Baja California, México. Botanical Sciences 91: 461-475.
  • Ghazanfar, S.A. (1992). An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman and their Vernacular names. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153.
  • Hand, R. (ed.) (2015). Supplementary notes to the flora of Cyprus VIII. Willdenowia 45: 245-259.
  • Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition. Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
  • Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1989 publ. 1990). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 3: 1-659. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico. Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
  • Miller, A.G. & Morris, M. (2004). Ethnoflora of Soqotra Archipelago: 1-759. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
  • Moran, R. (1996). The flora of Guadalupe island, Mexico. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 19: 1-190.
  • Muer, T., Sauerbier, H. & Cabrara Calixto, F. (2020). Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Madeiras: 1-792. Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber.
  • Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
  • Powell, A.M. & Worthington, R.D. (2018). Flowering plants of Trans-Pecos Texas and adjacent areas: 1-1444. BRIT Press.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Audru, J., Cesar, J. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1994). Les Plantes Vasculaires de la République de Djibouti. Flore Illustrée 1: 1-336. CIRAD, Départerment d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire, Djibouti.
  • Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce). Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1-799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
  • Danin, A. & Fragman- Sapir, O. (2019). Flora of Israel Online http://flora.org.il/en/plants/.
  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1967). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 2: 1-581. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Figueiredo, E., Paiva, J., Stévart, T., Oliveira, F. & Smith, G.F. (2011). Annotated catalogue of the flowering plants of São Tomé and Príncipe. Bothalia, A Journal of Botanical Research 41: 41-82.
  • GBIF (2008-2020). Global Biodiversity Information Facility http://www.gbif.org/.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Garcillán, P.P. & al. (2013). Plantas no nativas naturalizadas de la península de Baja California, México. Botanical Sciences 91: 461-475.
  • Ghazanfar, S.A. (1992). An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman and their Vernacular names. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153.
  • Hand, R. (ed.) (2015). Supplementary notes to the flora of Cyprus VIII. Willdenowia 45: 245-259.
  • Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition. Sommerfeltia 17: 1-295.
  • Hedberg, I. & Edwards, S. (eds.) (1989 publ. 1990). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 3: 1-659. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico. Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
  • Miller, A.G. & Morris, M. (2004). Ethnoflora of Soqotra Archipelago: 1-759. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
  • Moran, R. (1996). The flora of Guadalupe island, Mexico. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 19: 1-190.
  • Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • USDA, NRCS ( 2021-continuously updated). Natural Resources Conservation Services Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=checklist.html.
  • Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • RBG, Kew (ed.) (1999). Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
  • Ulian, T., Sacandé, M., Hudson, A., & Mattana, E. (2017). Conservation of indigenous plants to support community livelihoods: the MGU–Useful Plants Project. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 60:668-683.
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Sintenis; Rigo [16] Cyprus K004837656 Yes
Collett, H. [s.n.] France K004837292 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837322 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K004837269 Yes
Guadagno, M.; Béguinot, A. [s.n.] Italy K004837299 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K004837264 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Spain K004837275 Yes
Gandoger, M. [s.n.] Greece K004837354 Yes
[EW Chapman] [EC280] Cyprus K004837664 Yes
Reverchon, E. [163] K004837285 Yes
Pichler, T. [s.n.] Croatia K004837331 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Italy K004837305 Yes
Rechinger, K.H.; Rechinger, F. [5130] Greece K004837353 Yes
Bucknall, C. [s.n.] Portugal K004837280 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [109] France K004837262 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Croatia K004837326 Yes
Gabriel Strobl, P.; [Tommasini] [s.n.] K004837332 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K004837289 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K004837266 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K004837268 Yes
Metcalfe (Dr) [s.n.] Italy K004837298 Yes
Müller [s.n.] K004837283 Yes
Noë [s.n.] K004837361 Yes
Vaccari, A. [s.n.] Italy K004837307 Yes
Bianor-Marie, F. [s.n.] K004837281 Yes
Chapman, E. [EC131] Cyprus K004837662 Yes
Schimper; Wiest [s.n.] Greece K004837339 Yes
[Captain A H Baken-Poah] [s.n.] Croatia K004837329 Yes
[Mrs. C. A. Bricknell] [34] Malta K004837314 Yes
Sintenis; Rigo [16] Cyprus K004837657 Yes
s.coll. [11968] Greece K004837344 Yes
Sintenis; Rigo [16] Cyprus K004837655 Yes
Meebold, A. [s.n.] Italy K004837297 Yes
Schimper; Wiest [s.n.] Greece K004837337 Yes
Jackson, A.K.; Turrill, W.B. (Dr.) [81] Croatia K004837319 Yes
Todaro [1381] Italy K004837313 Yes
Reverchon, E. [25] Greece K004837348 Yes
s.coll. [128] Malta K004837317 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [s.n.] Malta K004837315 Yes
Debeaux, O. [s.n.] France K004837291 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837357 Yes
Tedd, H.G. [1959] Greece K004837341 Yes
Atchley, S.C. [88] Portugal K004837278 Yes
Parry, N.E. (Mrs) [1398] K004837282 Yes
Savi, P. [s.n.] Italy K004837300 Yes
Oswald, P.H. [141] Cyprus K004837653 Yes
Huet; Jacquin [s.n.] France K004837265 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Spain K004837271 Yes
Davis, P.H. [905] Greece K004837358 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [C4] France K004837287 Yes
Brummitt, R.K. [60E873] Italy K004837308 Yes
Webb [s.n.] Italy K004837309 Yes
[Mr. Wood] [s.n.] Italy K004837294 Yes
Barclay, C. (Sir) [162] Greece K004837343 Yes
Pennington, R.V. [187] Albania K004837335 Yes
Pichler [s.n.] Croatia K004837325 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Greece K004837345 Yes
Reverchon, E. [25] Greece K004837352 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [135] France K004837261 Yes
Manoog Haradjian [328] Cyprus K004837659 Yes
Butler, T. [s.n.] Italy K004837302 Yes
Gabriel Strobl, P. [s.n.] Italy K004837312 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K004837263 Yes
Kotschy, T. [s.n.] Cyprus K004837654 Yes
Chapman, E. [EC240] Cyprus K004837663 Yes
[Peter] [s.n.] Croatia K004837324 Yes
[Miss Samson] [s.n.] Cyprus K004837658 Yes
Debeaux, O. [s.n.] France K004837290 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837356 Yes
Ross, H. [118] Italy K004837310 Yes
Porta; Rigo [s.n.] Italy K004837303 Yes
[Zuchmini] [480] Greece K004837351 Yes
Tedd, H.G. [1959] Greece K004837340 Yes
[P. Saviserips] [s.n.] Italy K004837301 Yes
Reverchon, E. [25] Greece K004837350 Yes
s.coll. [78/H] Greece K004837355 Yes
Davis [1408] Greece K004837359 Yes
[CB. Usshu] [[97]] Cyprus K004837661 Yes
[Bucalovic] [s.n.] Serbia K004837318 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Italy K004837296 Yes
[J] [s.n.] Portugal K004837277 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837327 Yes
Reverchon, E. [163] K004837284 Yes
Willkomm, H.M. [218] Spain K004837272 Yes
[L Woods] [[2523]] Italy K004837295 Yes
Atchley, S.C. [88] Portugal K004837279 Yes
s.coll. [1270] Greece K004837349 Yes
[Fengz] [s.n.] K004837334 Yes
Atchley, S.C. [104] Greece K004837338 Yes
Bourgeau, E. [s.n.] Spain K004837274 Yes
Pichler [s.n.] Croatia K004837330 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K004837293 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [C444] France K004837286 Yes
Schuller [s.n.] Greece K004837336 Yes
[N.V. Salis] [s.n.] France K004837288 Yes
[J. Lange] [s.n.] Spain K004837273 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837323 Yes
Bncalovic [s.n.] Serbia K004837320 Yes
Noë (Dr) [s.n.] K004837360 Yes
Manoog Haradjian [669] Cyprus K004837660 Yes
Rechinger, K.H. [13793] Greece K004837346 Yes
Atchley, S.C. [1257] Greece K004837342 Yes
Huter [s.n.] K004837328 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K004837267 Yes
Noë [s.n.] Türkiye K004837362 Yes
Huter; Porta; Rigo [156] Italy K004837304 Yes
Maillard, A. [s.n.] France K004837270 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Italy K004837306 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837321 Yes
Gabriel Strobl, P. [s.n.] Italy K004837311 Yes
Pichler [s.n.] Croatia K004837316 Yes
s.coll. [10] Croatia K004837333 Yes
Heldreich [s.n.] Greece K004837347 Yes
Schafer, B. [s.n.] Spain K004837276 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    • ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    • https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

  • EBC Common Names

    • Common Names from Kew's Economic Botany Collection https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/collections/economic-botany-collection

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0