Rutaceae
Ruta

Ruta graveolens L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 383 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is N. Balkan Peninsula to Krym. It is a subshrub and grows primarily in the temperate biome. It is used as a poison and a medicine, has environmental uses and social uses and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Albania, Bulgaria, Krym, NW. Balkan Pen., Türkiye-in-Europe

Introduced into:

Alberta, Algeria, Arizona, Austria, Baleares, Belgium, California, Canary Is., Cape Provinces, Connecticut, Corse, Czechia-Slovakia, District of Columbia, East Aegean Is., Ecuador, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Illinois, Italy, Manitoba, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Northern Provinces, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Québec, Rhode I., Romania, South European Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Texas, Ukraine, Vermont, Vietnam, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce). Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.
  • Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 1: 1-864. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
  • Lambion, J., Delvosalle, L. & Duvigneaud, J. (2004). Nouvelle flore de la Belgique du G. D. de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France et des régions voisines, ed. 5: 1-1167. Edition du Patrimoine du Jardin botanique national de Belgique.
  • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
  • Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
  • Pachschwöl, C. & al. (eds.) (2024). Floristische Neufunde (509-620). Neilreichia 15: 127-248.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • Urziceanu, M. & al. (2020). Updated list of non-native ornamental plants in Romania. Contributii Botanice Universitatea "Babes-Bolyai" din Cluj-Napoca 55: 59-82.
  • Werier, D. (2017). Catalogue of the Vascular plants of New York state. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 27: 1-542.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

  • Florez-Cárdenas, G., Núñez-Izquierdo, O. L., Núñez-Izquierdo, M. M., Ramírez-Mesa, M., & Zusunaga-Quintana, J. A. (2010). 100 Plantas útiles del páramo del Rabanal: Guía para comunidades rurales. Bogotá: Instituto Alexander von Humboldt - CAR - Corpoboyac
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Castro, C. (Proveedor de metadatos), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). Versión 11.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Kew’s Economic Botany collection in The State of the World’s Plants Report–2016. (2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.org/2016/
  • Lagos-López, M. (2007). Estudio etnobotánico de especies vegetales con propiedades medicinales en seis municipios de Boyacá, Colombia. Actualidades Biológicas, 29(86), 87-96.

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce). Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2013). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 5: 1-451. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2024). Flora of North America North of Mexico 13: 1-566. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Lambion, J., Delvosalle, L. & Duvigneaud, J. (2004). Nouvelle flore de la Belgique du G. D. de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France et des régions voisines, ed. 5: 1-1167. Edition du Patrimoine du Jardin botanique national de Belgique.
  • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
  • Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
  • Shevtsov, V. (2022). Personal Communication on South European Russia. 1.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • USDA, NRCS ( 2021-continuously updated). Natural Resources Conservation Services Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=checklist.html.
  • Werier, D. (2017). Catalogue of the Vascular plants of New York state. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 27: 1-542.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • L., Jex-Blake, Gardening in E. Afr., ed. 4: 267 (1957).

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Allen, D., Bilz, M., Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M., Timoshyna, A., & Window, J. (2014). European Red List of medicinal plants. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 10:907382.
  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Meebold, A. [s.n.] Austria K004837520 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837437 Yes
Gabriel Strobl, P. [s.n.] K004837442 Yes
Aucher-Eloy [819] Greece K004837458 Yes
Noë [s.n.] K004837432 Yes
Pichler [s.n.] K004837429 Yes
Meebold, A. [s.n.] Austria K004837516 Yes
Stolba, F. [s.n.] K004837436 Yes
Turrill, W.B. (Dr.) [s.n.] United Kingdom K004837467 Yes
Turrill, W.B. (Dr.) [1138] K004837423 Yes
[M. Lrichocta] [s.n.] K004837435 Yes
Raap, H. [44] Bosnia and Herzegovina K004837444 Yes
Tedd, H.G. [998] Greece K004837455 Yes
[Gmbows] [s.n.] Austria K004837521 Yes
[Hlaskep] [s.n.] K004837440 Yes
Tommasini [s.n.] K004837422 Yes
s.coll. [N34] Greece K004837531 Yes
s.coll. [753] K004837451 Yes
[Bijrant] [[300]] K004837424 Yes
Bredemann, G.; Nieser, O. [s.n.] K004837536 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Austria K004837525 Yes
Béguinot, A.; Marchesetti, C. [s.n.] Italy K004837456 Yes
Béguinot, A. [s.n.] Italy K004837466 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Austria K004837526 Yes
Price, W.R. [1235] Greece K004837460 Yes
Batten-Pool, A.H. [G23] North Macedonia K004837434 Yes
Keck, K. [s.n.] Austria K004837517 Yes
Jabornegg, M.B. [s.n.] K004837441 Yes
Stolba, F. [s.n.] K004837417 Yes
[Miss M. Govipovic] [s.n.] K004837449 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Croatia K004837421 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837532 Yes
Mattfeld, J. [s.n.] Greece K004837454 Yes
Gilliat-Smith, B. [3198] K004837447 Yes
Mattfeld, J. [s.n.] Greece K004837453 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837464 Yes
Noë [s.n.] K004837420 Yes
s.coll. [477] K004837452 Yes
s.coll. [379] Greece K004837457 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837438 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837535 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837463 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837427 Yes
Ft. [s.n.] Romania K004837461 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837533 Yes
s.coll. [1287] Austria K004837523 Yes
Maly, K. [s.n.] Bosnia and Herzegovina K004837419 Yes
Pichler, T. [s.n.] K004837425 Yes
Smith, A.M. [s.n.] K004837433 Yes
Baldacci, A. [27] Greece K004837450 Yes
Porta [s.n.] Austria K004837524 Yes
Rohlena, J. [s.n.] K004837430 Yes
Krieger (Dr) [s.n.] K004837528 Yes
Tesseron, Y. [s.n.] K004837465 Yes
Sintenis, P.; Bornmuller, J. [1195] Greece K004837530 Yes
Solla [s.n.] K004837446 Yes
Studniczka, K. [s.n.] K004837448 Yes
[illegible] [s.n.] YU K000717047 Unknown Type Material Yes
Gabriel Strobl, P. [s.n.] Austria K004837527 Yes
Tenore, M. [s.n.] Italy K000717048 Unknown Type Material Yes
Keck, K. [s.n.] Austria K004837518 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837439 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K004837534 Yes
Krieger [s.n.] K004837529 Yes
Orphanides, T.G. [312] Greece K004837459 Yes
Tenore, M. [s.n.] Italy K000717049 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [406] K004837431 Yes
[DK Vandaz] [s.n.] K004837428 Yes
Rohlena, J. [s.n.] K004837426 Yes
Gremblich, J. [s.n.] Austria K004837522 Yes
Adamovic [s.n.] Bosnia and Herzegovina K004837445 Yes
Meebold, A. [s.n.] K004837443 Yes
Rigo, G. [s.n.] Austria K004837519 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Japan Ruta subtripinnata K000717046 Unknown Type Material Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Art and Illustrations in Digifolia

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    • ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    • https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

  • EBC Common Names

    • Common Names from Kew's Economic Botany Collection https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/collections/economic-botany-collection

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Kew's Living Collection Database

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/