- Family:
- Solanaceae Juss.
- Genus:
- Solanum L.
Solanum melongena L.
Solanum melongena, commonly known as eggplant or aubergine, belongs in the plant family Solanaceae, which also houses tomato, potato, nicotine and the poisonous deadly nightshade plant. The Latin name 'melongena' has its roots in the Italian name 'melanzane', which derives from 'mela insane' meaning 'mad apple'. First domesticated in India, aubergine is now cultivated worldwide and is a popular ingredient in many traditional recipes.

[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 1500–1500 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Colombian departments: Antioquia.
- Habit
- Herb, Climbing.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: savanna, shrubland, artificial - terrestrial.
[KSP]
Kew Species Profiles
- General Description
-
Solanum melongena, commonly known as eggplant or aubergine, belongs in the plant family Solanaceae, which also houses tomato, potato, nicotine and the poisonous deadly nightshade plant. The Latin name 'melongena' has its roots in the Italian name 'melanzane', which derives from 'mela insane' meaning 'mad apple'. First domesticated in India, aubergine is now cultivated worldwide and is a popular ingredient in many traditional recipes.
- Species Profile
-
Geography and distribution
Semi-wild Solanum melongena can be found growing today in the Myanmar-Yunnan region where it was originally domesticated from its wild ancestor Solanum insanum . The area between India, Myanmar and China is where domestication first took place although today there are many more closely-related wild relatives in Africa than in Asia.
Evidence of the cultivation and use of Solanum melongena appeared in Sanskrit and Chinese agro-botanical literature dating back 2,000 years. The Muslim expansion in the 8th century AD was responsible for the spread of aubergine through Africa and Europe. Today, the main production regions of eggplant are Asia and the Mediterranean.
DescriptionOverview: Solanum melongena is a much-branched shrub up to 2 metres tall with a long taproot which extends deep into the ground.
Leaves: The stems and leaves are densely covered with star-shaped (stellate) hairs and sometimes prickles. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, each with a petiole (appendage which connects the blade to the stem) 6-10 cm long. The leaves are 3-25 x 2-15 cm with hairy margins.
Flowers: Hermaphrodite flowers are usually solitary and are supported by a 1-3 cm long pedicel (stalk which subtends the flower). Smaller, functionally male flowers appear on the same inflorescence. The hermaphrodite flowers are 3-4 cm in diameter and are mostly violet and very rarely white. The anthers are supported by short, thick filaments and have openings at their tips. The ovary (female reproductive organ) is positioned above the sepals, petals and stamens.
Fruit: A globose to oblong fleshy berry, 2-35 cm (sometimes longer) and 2-20 cm broad. The fruit is generally smooth and shiny and has many seeds. When produced commercially, the colour ranges from white, green or from purple to black. The seeds are 3 x 4 mm and are kidney or lentil shaped and pale brown in colour.
UsesEggplant is widely grown for its attractive fruits which are an accompaniment to many dishes around the world. The fruit is eaten in its immature state, when glossy and colourful. When mature the flesh becomes bitter and stringy and the seeds are hard. Although the fruits of some cultivars are eaten raw (such as in southeast Asia) the fullness of the flavour comes out when cooked and is comparable to that of mushrooms. Aubergine flesh has a delicate texture and is commonly grilled, fried, steamed, roasted, stewed with other vegetables or prepared with meat or fish.
In southern India, eggplant is crowned 'king of the vegetables' and is an important ingredient in curries, sambhars and chutneys. In Italy, eggplant is marinated in olive oil, seasoned with salt and garlic and served as an antipasto. In Greece, eggplant is used to prepare mousaka and in France it is a key ingredient in ratatouille.
Besides its value as a food crop, eggplant is widely used for medicinal purposes. The plant is used in decoction as powder or ash for curing diabetes, cholera, bronchitis, dysuria, dysentery, otitis, toothache, skin infections, asthenia and haemorrhoids and is also ascribed narcotic, anti-asthmatic and anti-rheumatic properties. In several countries it is imbued with magical qualities and is a symbol of protection, good health and female fertility.
Crop wild relatives of aubergineThe Millennium Seed Bank and the Global Crop Diversity Trust are engaged in a ten-year project, called 'Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change'. The project aims to protect, collect and prepare the wild relatives of 29 key food crops, including aubergine, so that they are available to pre-breeders for the development of new varieties that are more resilient to the effects of climate change.
Solanum ruvu and the need for crop wild relativesSolanum ruvu is a wild relative of aubergine now thought to be extinct in the wild. This rare, African spiny aubergine was collected once as part of a general survey in 2000. Unfortunately, by the time it was identified as a new species by Kew botanist Maria Vorontsova in 2010, its native habitat had been destroyed. Attempts to recollect it were made in 2010 but the plant could not be found and is now considered to be extinct.
Many other crop wild relatives are listed as threatened species and are in need of conservation. Threats include habitat degradation, soil erosion and climate change to name a few. Crop wild relatives serve as a genetic back up. Rising global temperatures, changes in rainfall and weather patterns resulting from climate change indicate decreases in the yield of crops and greater susceptibility to pests and diseases. Through introducing crop wild relatives into traditional breeding programs we are able to harness their genetic potential and cultivate a more resilient crop that will feed rising human populations.
The tragedy of Solanum ruvu illustrates the urgent need we have to collect and protect crop wild relatives before they become extinct and the genetic diversity they hold is lost to us forever.
Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storageThe Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plants worldwide, focusing on those plants which are under threat and those which are of most use in the future. Once seeds have been collected they are dried, packaged and stored at -20°C in Kew's Millennium Seed Bank vault.
Description of seeds: Average weight of 1,000 seeds = 3.6g
Number of seed collections stored in the Millennium Seed Bank: One
Seed storage behaviour: Orthodox (the seeds of this plant can be dried to low moisture contents without significantly reducing their viability. This means they are suitable for long-term frozen storage such as at the MSB)
Germination testing: Successful
This species at KewPressed and dried specimens of aubergine are held in Kew's Herbarium, where they are available to researchers by appointment. Details and images of some of these specimens can be seen online in Kew's Herbarium Catalogue.
- Distribution
- China, India, Myanmar
- Ecology
- Grows best in warm, light conditions with plenty of water.
- Conservation
- Widespread in cultivation.
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 1500 m.; Andes.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba, trepadora
[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- berenjena, berenjena de monte, manzana de amor, pepino morado, ponedora
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Herb or shrub up to c. 1 m high, in cultivation usually unarmed (wild plants may be prickly), but occasionally with scattered prickles, floccose-pubescent with stellate hairs, especially on younger parts
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves alternate, all of approximately the same size, only decreasing in size near the top; petiole 2–5 cm long; blade elliptic to ovate, 14–18 x 3–11 cm, base truncate to subcordate, often obliquely so, margin ± deeply lobed, softly stellate-pubescent on both sides, but mostly beneath, occasionally with prickles along the midrib
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence lateral, raceme-like, few-flowered, or flowers solitary; the basal flower bisexual and much larger than the functionally male flowers; peduncle obsolete, the first flower at the base of the 3–5 cm long rachis; pedicels 1–1.5 cm long, elongating in fruit to 7–10 cm
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx stellate-pubescent, 1–1.7 cm long in flower, enlarging to 4 cm or more in fruit; lobes narrowly triangular to almost linear
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla bluish violet, 1.5–4 cm in diam. in bisexual flowers, less in functionally male flowers, campanulate-stellate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens Anthers
- Anthers c. 7 mm long, subsessile
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Style in bisexual flowers only, hardly exceeding the anthers
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit variable in colour, shape and size, usually dark purple, occasionally almost white but eventually becoming yellow or brown, globose to ovoid, up to 20 cm long
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds brown.
- Distribution
- Cultivated in N1 and N2; widely grown in all warm parts of the world.
- Ecology
- Cultivated at intermediate altitudes
- Vernacular
- Aubergine, egg plant (English).
[FTEA]
Solanaceae, Jennifer M Edmonds. Oliganthes, Melongena & Monodolichopus, Maria S. Vorontsova & Sandra Knapp. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 2012
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Berries 1 per infructescence, green, sometimes mottled or striped, white, pink, mauve, purple, or black when young, usually white or dark purple at maturity, variously shaped, 3–20 × 3–7 cm; fruiting calyx unarmed or with up to 30 prickles
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds 2.9–3.2 × 2.2–2.5 mm
- Ecology
- Cultivated species: “Aubergine/eggplant”
- Note
- The characters distinguishing S. melongena from the rest of the incanum group are mainly those directly associated with cultivation: larger fruit, altered fruit shape and colour, and lack of prickles. Like the fruit crop cultivars of S. aethiopicum, it can be recognised by fasciation in the flowers: increase in the number of flower parts up to 8, inflated ovaries, and straight thick styles not exserted further than 2 mm above the anthers. The cultivated eggplant has close relationships with S. campylacanthum and S. incanum sensu stricto but was domesticated in Indo-China (Wang et al. in Ann. Botany 102: 891–897, 2008; Weese & Bohs in Taxon 59: 49–56, 2010). One uniform South East Asian cultivar is commonly grown in East Africa but it does not represent a significant food source.
- Type
- Type: Hort. Uppsala, Anonymous s.n. (LINN 248.28!, lecto., designated by Schönbeck-Temesy in Fl. Iran. 100: 70, 1972)
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual or perennial herb, 0.2–0.5 m, erect, unarmed(armed); young stems moderately stellate-pubescent to glabrescent, trichomes porrect, translucent, sessile or stalked, stalks up to 0.2 mm, rays 8–15, 0.3–0.7 mm, midpoints ± same length as rays or to 1 mm; prickles straight, 0–6 mm long, 0.2–1 mm wide at base
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaf blades drying concolorous to weakly discolorous, green-brown, ovate, 7–23 × 5–17 cm, 1.5–2 times longer than wide, base usually rounded, sometimes obtuse to cordate, often unequal and oblique, margin lobed, the broadly rounded lobes 1–3 on each side, 0.5–2 cm long, apically rounded, extending 1/4–1/3 of the distance to the midvein; apex rounded to acute; moderately stellate-pubescent on both sides, trichomes on abaxial surface porrect, sessile or stalked, stalks to 0.2, rays 5–8, 0.3–1 mm, midpoints ± same length as rays, trichomes of adaxial surface smaller; primary veins 4–5(–7) pairs; petiole 1.5–5(–10) cm, 1/4–1/3(–2/3) of the leaf length
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescences not branched, 4–7 cm long, with 1–5 flowers; peduncle 0–2 mm long; rachis 0–4 cm long; peduncle and rachis unarmed; pedicels 2–3 cm on long-styled flowers, 0.8–2 cm long on short-styled flowers, in fruit 2–9 cm long, unarmed or with up to 5 prickles
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers heterostylous, 4–8-merous, only the basal one long-styled
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx 8–23 mm on long-styled flowers, 7–12 mm long on short-styled flowers, lobes deltate to longdeltate, 6–12 mm long, 3–8 mm long on short-styled flowers, acute to longacuminate, unarmed or with up to 20 prickles
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Corolla white to purple, 2.5–5 cm in diameter on long-styled flowers, 2.4–4 cm in diameter on short-styled flowers, lobed for 1/4–1/2 of its length, lobes broadly deltate, 6–18 × 7–12 mm on long-styled flowers, 5–13 × 6–12 mm on short-styled flowers. Stamens equal; anthers 5.5–7.5 mm on longstyled flowers, 5.5–7 mm on short-styled flowers
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary stellate-pubescent in the upper 1/4; style ± 9 mm long on long-styled flowers
- Distribution
- Range: Probably cultivated throughout, but collections are sporadic: Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Zambia Flora districts: U K T Range: South East Asia
Native to:
China South-Central, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
Introduced into:
Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, East Himalaya, India, Kazakhstan, Laccadive Is., Sri Lanka, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Zaïre
- Melongena esculenta (Dunal) Grecescu
- Melongena incurva Mill.
- Melongena ovata Mill.
- Melongena spinosa Mill.
- Melongena teres Mill.
- Solanum aethiopicum var. violaceum Dunal
- Solanum album Lour.
- Solanum album Noronha
- Solanum album var. richardii Dunal
- Solanum album var. rumphii Dunal
- Solanum edule Schumach. & Thonn.
- Solanum edule var. multifidum Dunal
- Solanum esculentum var. aculeatum Dunal
- Solanum esculentum var. subinerme Dunal
- Solanum heteracanthum Dunal
- Solanum indicum Roxb.
- Solanum lagenarium Dunal
- Solanum melongena subsp. agreste Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. angustum Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. cylindricum Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. esculentum (Dunal) Walp.
- Solanum melongena var. giganteum (Alef.) Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. globosi Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. leucoum (Alef.) Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. ovigera Pers.
- Solanum melongena var. racemiflorum Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. racemosum Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. stenoleucum (Alef.) Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. variegatum (Alef.) Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. violaceum (Alef.) Dikii
- Solanum melongena var. viride Dikii
- Solanum melongenum St.-Lag.
- Solanum oviferum Salisb.
- Solanum ovigerum Dunal
- Solanum ovigerum var. album Sweet
- Solanum ovigerum var. insanum Blume
- Solanum ovigerum var. luteum Sweet
- Solanum ovigerum var. oblongocylindricum Dunal
- Solanum ovigerum var. ovum-luteum Dunal
- Solanum ovigerum var. ruber Sweet
- Solanum ovigerum subsp. sinuatorepandum Dunal
- Solanum ovigerum subsp. subrepandum Dunal
- Solanum ovigerum var. violaceum Sweet
- Solanum plumieri Dunal
- Solanum pressum Dunal
- Solanum pseudoundatum Blume
- Solanum pseudoundatum var. albiflorum Blume
- Solanum pseudoundatum var. atropurpurascens Blume
- Solanum pseudoundatum var. leucocarpon Blume
- Solanum requienii Dunal
- Solanum sativum Dunal
- Solanum sativum var. albiflorum (Blume) Dunal
- Solanum sativum var. atropurpurascens (Blume) Dunal
- Solanum sativum var. leucocarpon (Blume) Dunal
- Solanum serpentinum Noronha
- Solanum tomentosum Hasselt ex Miq.
- Solanum trilobatum Noronha
- Solanum trongum Poir.
- Solanum trongum var. divaricatum Dunal
- Solanum trongum var. rumphii Dunal
- Solanum violaceum DC. ex Dunal
- Solanum zeylanicum Scop.
- English
- Aubergine, Egg Plant
Solanum melongena L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jun 15, 2006 | Conklin [2563], Philippines | K000224054 | Yes | ||
Feb 1, 2002 | Biye, E. [58], Cameroon | K000109679 | No | ||
Apr 4, 1991 | Balfour, I.B. [s.n.], Madagascar | K000212385 | Yes | ||
Apr 4, 1991 | Aryes, P.B. [s.n.], Mauritius | K000212388 | Yes | ||
Apr 4, 1991 | Phillipson, P.B. [2805], Madagascar | K000212383 | Yes | ||
Apr 4, 1991 | Lorence, D. [508], Mauritius | K000212382 | Yes | ||
Apr 4, 1991 | Baron, R. [4405], Madagascar | K000212384 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Nedi [639] | K000788229 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Soibeh, D. [773], Malaysia | K000788230 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hepper, F.N. [4770], Sri Lanka | K000788238 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hepper, F.N. [4642b], Sri Lanka | K000788239 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hohenacker, R.F. [s.n.], India | K000788259 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Telado, ? [1920], Indonesia | K000788271 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Royle. [s.n.], India | K000788276 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Duthie, J.F. [22438] | K000788253 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Telado, ? [1920], Indonesia | K000788270 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Tsang, W.T. [703], China | K000788242 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Wallich, N. [H.I.2628L.a.] | K000823760 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Forrest, G. [4483], China | K000788241 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hepper, F.N. [4641], Sri Lanka | K000788236 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Anonymous [s.n.], India | K000788258 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Wight, A.E. [1573A], India | K000788260 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Gay, J. [s.n.] | K000788251 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Heyne, B. [s.n.] | K000788261 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Willmott, E.A. [s.n.] | K000788246 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Taylor, P.M. [P344], Indonesia | K000788267 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Ahmed, H. [9842], Iraq | K000788250 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Heels [255] | K000788279 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Anonymous [s.n.], India | K000788278 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Cuadra, A. [A1171], Indonesia | K000788273 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hepper, F.N. [4548], Sri Lanka | K000788234 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Robinson, C.B. [288] | K000788272 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Sibil, J. [286], Malaysia | K000788231 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Backer [17065], Indonesia | K000788227 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hepper, F.N. [4548], Sri Lanka | K000788232 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Lowne, B.T. [s.n.], Syria | K000788244 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hooker, J.D. [24], India | K000788155 | No | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Taquet, T. [1155], South Korea | K000788243 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Chiao, C.Y. [2972], China | K000788247 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hepper, F.N. [4642b], Sri Lanka | K000788240 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hepper, F.N. [4641], Sri Lanka | K000788237 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hepper, F.N. [4770], Sri Lanka | K000788235 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Henry, A. [2792], China | K000788248 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Anonymous [s.n.] | K000788274 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Sahira [35825], Iraq | K000788249 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Lörzing, J.A. [13254], Indonesia | K000788266 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Hepper, F.N. [4402], Sri Lanka | K000788233 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Gay, J. [s.n.] | K000788264 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Taylor, P.M. [P112], Indonesia | K000788268 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Anonymous [s.n.], India | K000630483 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Zollinger, H. [702], Indonesia | K000788269 | isolectotype | Yes | |
Jul 4, 1905 | Rottler, J.P. [s.n.], India | K000788262 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Kurz, W.S. [s.n.], India | K000788255 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Thomson, T. [25] | K000788263 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Wight, A.E. [1573A], India | K000788257 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Maingay, A.C. [398], China | K000788245 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Juan, G.E. [343], India | K000788254 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Anonymous [s.n.] | K000788228 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Anonymous [s.n.], India | K000788256 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Anonymous [s.n.] | K000788277 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Zollinger, H. [3773], Indonesia | K000788265 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Anonymous [s.n.], India | K000788280 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Roy, G.P. [2747], India | K000788275 | Yes | ||
Jul 4, 1905 | Gamble, J.S. [16326], India | K000788252 | Yes | ||
Jun 27, 1905 | Merrill, E.D. [623], Philippines | K000195855 | Yes | ||
Jun 11, 1905 | Conklin, H.C. [2563], Philippines | K000788281 | No | ||
Jun 11, 1905 | Conklin, H.C. [2563], Philippines | K000195852 | Yes | ||
Jun 11, 1905 | Conklin, H.C. [2563], Philippines | K000788282 | No | ||
Jun 11, 1905 | Conklin, H.C. [2563], Philippines | K000195854 | Yes | ||
Meikle, R.D. [816], Nigeria | 16658.000 | No | |||
29047.193 | No | ||||
35938.000 | No | ||||
Hall [47136], Ghana | K000212467 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [357], Togo | K000212470 | Yes | |||
McKee, H.S. [RSNH 24079], Vanuatu | K001155327 | Yes | |||
s.coll [8506], New Caledonia | K001155385 | Yes | |||
Simpson, N.D. [4349] | K001169619 | Yes | |||
Verdcourt [3050], Kenya | K001169611 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628] | K001116663 | Yes | |||
Sibil, J. [54], Malaysia | K001164669 | Yes | |||
Stoddart, D.R. [1376] | K001169620 | Yes | |||
s.coll [158], India | K001169615 | Yes | |||
Smith, H.H. [45], St. Vincent & the Grenadines | K001161101 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628], India | K001116672 | Yes | |||
Verdcourt [3050], Kenya | K001157832 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628] | K001116665 | Yes | |||
Baron, R. [4816], Madagascar | K001158956 | Yes | |||
Sibil, J. [201], Malaysia | K001164670 | Yes | |||
s.coll [616], Jamaica | K001161100 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628] | K001116675 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628] | K001116671 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628] | K001116676 | Yes | |||
Holst, C. [2829] | K001157831 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628], India | K001116674 | Yes | |||
Lunt, W. [164] | K001169609 | Yes | |||
Smith, H.H. [1149], Colombia | K001164672 | Yes | |||
Morton, M. [12], Madagascar | K000212390 | Yes | |||
Richards, H.M. [9861], Malawi | K001169614 | Yes | |||
Sharland [544], Nigeria | K000212469 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628], India | K001116673 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628] | K001116670 | Yes | |||
Herb. Griffith [5913], Afghanistan | K001152171 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628] | K001116664 | Yes | |||
Fay, J.M. [5422], Central African Republic | K001155961 | Yes | |||
Balfour, I.B. [s.n.], Madagascar | K000212386 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [s.n.], Mauritius | K000212387 | Yes | |||
Hall [47135], Ghana | K000212468 | Yes | |||
Welwitsch [6089b], Angola | K001029807 | Yes | |||
Andriamahaqy, M. [518], Madagascar | K001158955 | Yes | |||
Heldreich, T.H.H. von [s.n.], Greece | K001151567 | Yes | |||
Heldreich, T.H.H. von [s.n.], Greece | K001151568 | Yes | |||
Kirk [s.n.] | K001169612 | Yes | |||
Simpson, N.D. [4916] | K001169616 | Yes | |||
De Silva, F. [Cat. no. 2628] | K001116667 | Yes | |||
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 2628], Malaysia | K001116668 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628] | K001116669 | Yes | |||
Subil, J. [257], Malaysia | K001164671 | Yes | |||
Conklin, H.C. [I-935], Philippines | K000195853 | Yes | |||
Willis, J.C. [s.n.], British Indian Ocean Territory | K001169622 | Yes | |||
Baron, R. [4574], Madagascar | K001158954 | Yes | |||
Simpson, N.D. [5150] | K001169617 | Yes | |||
Simpson, N.D. [5240] | K001169618 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 2628] | K001116666 | Yes | |||
Stoddart, D.R. [1244], Seychelles | K001169613 | Yes | |||
s.coll [339], Seychelles | K001169621 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 9072] | Solanum heteracanthum | K001132179 | Yes |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 186 (1753)
Accepted by
- Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
- Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
- Bikandu, B., Lukoki, F. & Habari, J.P. (2020). Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire-rwanda-Burundi) Solanaceae: 1-162. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique.
- Chou, S., Chhnang, P. & Kim, Y. (2016). A Checklist for the Seed Plants of Cambodia: 1-272. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.
- Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1988). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 6: 1-424. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (2001). Flora of Bhutan 2: 1-1675. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Lê, T.C. (2005). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 3: 1-1248. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
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- PBI Solanum Project (2014-continuously updated). Solanaceae Source: a global taxonomic resource for the nightshade family http://www.solanaceaesource.org/.
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- Schischkin, B.K. & al. (eds.) (1954). Flora Turkmenii 6: 1-402. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
- Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1961). Flora Uzbekistana 5: 1-667. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
Literature
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Kew Backbone Distributions
- Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- Barooah, C. & Ahmed, I. (2014). Plant diversity of Assam. A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms: 1-599. Assam science technology and environment council, India.
- Bikandu, B., Lukoki, F. & Habari, J.P. (2020). Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire-rwanda-Burundi) Solanaceae: 1-162. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique.
- Chou, S., Chhnang, P. & Kim, Y. (2016). A Checklist for the Seed Plants of Cambodia: 1-272. National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea.
- Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1988). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 6: 1-424. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (2001). Flora of Bhutan 2: 1-1675. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
- Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3: 1-978. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
- Schischkin, B.K. & al. (eds.) (1954). Flora Turkmenii 6: 1-402. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
- Turner, I.M. (1995 publ. 1997). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(2): 347-655.
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Flora of Somalia
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Flora of Tropical East Africa
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- F.W.T.A. 2nd ed., 2: 332 (1963)
- Fl. Eth. 5: 138, fig. 158.14 (2006)
- Fl. Somalia 3: 216 (2006).
- Sp. Pl.: 186 (1753)
- U.O.P.Z.: 446 (1949)
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