Apiaceae
Apium

Apium graveolens L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 264 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Macaronesia to N. Africa, Europe to W. Himalaya. It is a biennial and grows primarily in the temperate biome. It is used as animal food, a poison and a medicine and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Corse, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Gulf States, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Netherlands, North Caucasus, NW. Balkan Pen., Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Sicilia, South European Russia, Spain, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Türkiye, Türkiye-in-Europe, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, Yemen

Introduced into:

Amsterdam-St.Paul Is., Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Assam, Baltic States, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil South, Buryatiya, California, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Cape Verde, Central European Russia, Chatham Is., Chile North, Chile South, China North-Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Connecticut, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechia-Slovakia, Dominican Republic, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Finland, Florida, Free State, Guatemala, Hainan, Haiti, Hungary, Idaho, Illinois, India, Inner Mongolia, Juan Fernández Is., Kirgizstan, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Louisiana, Marianas, Marshall Is., Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Northwest, Mississippi, Missouri, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Norfolk Is., North Carolina, Northern Provinces, Norway, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Peru, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Sinai, Socotra, South Carolina, South Dakota, St.Helena, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tennessee, Texas, Thailand, Trinidad-Tobago, Utah, Vietnam, Washington, West Virginia

Recorded in error in:

Juan Fernández Is.

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Allan, H.A. (1961). Flora of New Zealand 1: 1-1085. Botany division, D.S.I.R., Christchurch.
  • Allred, K.W. (2012). Flora Neomexicana, ed. 2, 1: 1-599. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
  • Boulos, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt 2: 1-352. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
  • Danin, A. & Fragman- Sapir, O. (2019). Flora of Israel Online http://flora.org.il/en/plants/.
  • Dar, G.H. & Govaerts, R.H.A. (2025). Flora of Kashmir Himalaya: Sind Valley 2: 607-1262. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.
  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1972). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 4: 1-657. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2024). Flora of North America North of Mexico 13: 1-566. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • Garcillán, P.P. & al. (2013). Plantas no nativas naturalizadas de la península de Baja California, México. Botanical Sciences 91: 461-475.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Ghazanfar, S.A. & Edmondson, J.R. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Iraq 5(2): 1-349. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 529. MIM, Deurne.
  • Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (2001). Flora of Bhutan 2: 1-1675. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(1): 1-904. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Hara, H., Stearn, W.T. & Williams, H.J. (1979). An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 2: 1-220. Trustees of British Museum, London.
  • Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 2: 865-1712. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.
  • Hedberg, I., Edwards, S. & Nemomissa, S. (eds.) (2003). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 4(1): 1-352. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Hedge, I.C., Lamond, J.M. & Rechinger, K.H. (1987). Flora Iranica 162: 1-555. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
  • Jongbloed, M., Western, R.A. & Boer, B. (2000). Annotated Check-list for plants in the U.A.E.: 1-90. Zodiac Publishing, Dubai.
  • Jonsell, B. & Karlsson, T. (eds.) (2010). Flora Nordica 6: 1-298. The Bergius Foundaton.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
  • Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
  • Launert, E. (ed.) (1978). Flora Zambesiaca 4: 1-658. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
  • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
  • Miller, A.G. & Morris, M. (2004). Ethnoflora of Soqotra Archipelago: 1-759. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
  • Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
  • Muer, T., Sauerbier, H. & Cabrara Calixto, F. (2020). Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Madeiras: 1-792. Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber.
  • Nasir, E. (1972). Flora of West Pakistan 20: 1-169.
  • Onana, J.M. (2011). The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. National herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé.
  • Orchard, A.E. (ed.) (1994). Oceanic Islands 1. Flora of Australia 49: 1-681. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Ri͡abinina, Z.N. & Kni͡azev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.
  • Schäfer, H. (2021). Flora of the Azores a field guide: 1-445. Margraf Publishers GmbH.
  • Seregin, A.P. (2014). Flora of Vladimir Oblast, Russia: grid data analysis: 1-441. KMK schientific press, Moscow.
  • Shishkin, B.K. (ed.) (1950). Flora Turkmenii 5: 1-271. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
  • Sikarwar, R.L.S. (2014). Angiosperm diversity assessment of Chitrakootthe legendary place of Vindhyan range, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 38: 563-619.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Stalažs, A. (2024). List of vascular plants of Latvia (with Latvian names): 1-312. Dobele.
  • T. Smitinand & K. Larsen, eds. (1987). Flora of Thailand 5: 1-470. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
  • Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) in Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2012). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 3(2): 1-623. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
  • Tohmé, G. & Tohmé, H. (2014). Illustrated Flora of Lebanon, ed. 2: 1-610. CNRS Publication.
  • Tutin, T.G. & al. (eds.) (1968). Flora Europaea 2: 1-469. Cambridge University Press.
  • Urgamal, M. (2009). Flora of Mongolia 10: 1-114. Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Ulaanbaatar.
  • Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
  • Werier, D. (2017). Catalogue of the Vascular plants of New York state. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 27: 1-542.
  • Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2005). Flora of China 14: 1-581. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
  • Zervous, S., Raus, T. & Yannitsaros, A. (2009). Additons to the flora of the island of Kalimnos (SE Aegean, Greece). Willdenowia 39: 165-177.
  • Zhao, Y.Z., Zhao, L.Q. & Rui, C. (eds.) (2019). Flora Intramongolica, edition 3, 3: 1-513. Typis Intramongolicae popularis, Huhhot.
  • Zuloaga, F.O. & Belgrano, M.J. (eds.) (2019). Flora Argentina. Flora vascular de la República Argentina 20(2): 1-444. INTA, IMBIV & IBODA.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Flora of Iraq

  • Anth in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 18: 289 (1935);
  • Boiss., Fl. Orient. 2: 856 (1872);
  • DC., Prodr. 4: 101 (1830);
  • E. Nasir in Nasir & Ali, Fl. Pak. 20: 32, f. 10, (1972);
  • Grossh., Fl. Kavk. ed. 2, 7: 72 (1967);
  • Guest in Dep. Agr. Iraq Bull. 27: 10 (1933);
  • H. Riedl in Fl. Lowland Iraq: 460 (1964);
  • Hayek, Prodr. Fl. Balc. 1: 985 (1927);
  • Husain & Kasim, Cult. Pl. Iraq 105 (1975);
  • Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 264 (1753);
  • Meikle, Fl. Cyprus 1: 737 (1977);
  • Mouterde, Nouv. Fl. Lib. et Syr. 2: 621 (1970);
  • Peşmen in Fl. Turk. 4: 422 (1972);
  • Rawi & Chakr. in Dep. Agr. Iraq Tech. Bull. 15: 14 (1964);
  • Rech.f., Fl. Iranica 162: 298 (1987);
  • Schischkin in Fl. SSSR 16: 371 (1950);
  • She Menglan & Watson in Fl. China 14: 76 (2005).
  • Tackh., Stud. Fl. Egypt ed. 2: 388 (1974);
  • Zohary in Dep. Agr. Iraq Bull. 31: 109 (1950);
  • Zohary, Fl. Palaest. 2: 416 (1972);
  • Zohary, Fl. Palest. ed. 2, 1: 515 (1932);

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • (2021). https://doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v63/2021/165154. epublication.
  • Abdulina, S.A. (1999). Spisok Sosudistykn Rastenii Kazakhstana: 1-187. Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Allred, K.W. (2012). Flora Neomexicana, ed. 2, 1: 1-599. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
  • Baksh-Comeau, Y., Maharaj, S.S., Adams, C.D., Harris, S.A., Filer, D.L. & Hawthorne, W.D. (2016). An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical 'hotspots'. Phytotaxa 250: 1-431.
  • Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
  • Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (1990). Flore des Mascareignes 90-106: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
  • Boulos, L. (2000). Flora of Egypt 2: 1-352. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Britton, N. (1918). Flora of Bermuda: 1-585. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
  • Brown, L.C. (1982). The Flora and Fauna of St Helena: 1-88. Land Resources Development Centre, Surbiton, England.
  • Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
  • Collenette, S. (1999). Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia: 1-799. National commission for wildlife conservation and development (NCWCD), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
  • Danin, A. & Fragman- Sapir, O. (2019). Flora of Israel Online http://flora.org.il/en/plants/.
  • Danton, P. & Perrier, C. (2017). Suppressions and additions to the flora of the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Botany Letters 164: 351-360.
  • Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1972). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 4: 1-657. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2024). Flora of North America North of Mexico 13: 1-566. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • GBIF (2008-2020). Global Biodiversity Information Facility http://www.gbif.org/.
  • Garcillán, P.P. & al. (2013). Plantas no nativas naturalizadas de la península de Baja California, México. Botanical Sciences 91: 461-475.
  • Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Ghazanfar, S.A. & Edmondson, J.R. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Iraq 5(2): 1-349. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
  • Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (2001). Flora of Bhutan 2: 1-1675. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(1): 1-904. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Hara, H., Stearn, W.T. & Williams, H.J. (1979). An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 2: 1-220. Trustees of British Museum, London.
  • Hedberg, I., Edwards, S. & Nemomissa, S. (eds.) (2003). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 4(1): 1-352. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Hedge, I.C., Lamond, J.M. & Rechinger, K.H. (1987). Flora Iranica 162: 1-555. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
  • Jongbloed, M., Western, R.A. & Boer, B. (2000). Annotated Check-list for plants in the U.A.E.: 1-90. Zodiac Publishing, Dubai.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
  • Launert, E. (ed.) (1978). Flora Zambesiaca 4: 1-658. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
  • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
  • Mao, A.A. & Dash, S.S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.
  • Miller, A.G. & Morris, M. (2004). Ethnoflora of Soqotra Archipelago: 1-759. The Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
  • Onana, J.M. (2011). The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. National herbarium of Cameroon, Yaoundé.
  • Orchard, A.E. (ed.) (1994). Oceanic Islands 1. Flora of Australia 49: 1-681. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Peschkova, G.A. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Siberia 10: 1-314. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Ri͡abinina, Z.N. & Kni͡azev, M.S. (2009). Opredelitel sosudistykh rastenii Orenburgskoi oblasti: 1-757. Moskva: KMK.
  • Seregin, A.P. (2014). Flora of Vladimir Oblast, Russia: grid data analysis: 1-441. KMK schientific press, Moscow.
  • Shishkin, B.K. (ed.) (1950). Flora Turkmenii 5: 1-271. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
  • Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
  • Stalažs, A. (2024). List of vascular plants of Latvia (with Latvian names): 1-312. Dobele.
  • T. Smitinand & K. Larsen, eds. (1987). Flora of Thailand 5: 1-470. The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department.
  • Tohmé, G. & Tohmé, H. (2014). Illustrated Flora of Lebanon, ed. 2: 1-610. CNRS Publication.
  • USDA, NRCS ( 2021-continuously updated). Natural Resources Conservation Services Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=checklist.html.
  • Urgamal, M. (2009). Flora of Mongolia 10: 1-114. Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Ulaanbaatar.
  • Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
  • Werier, D. (2017). Catalogue of the Vascular plants of New York state. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 27: 1-542.
  • Wood, J.R.I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora: 1-434. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Zervous, S., Raus, T. & Yannitsaros, A. (2009). Additons to the flora of the island of Kalimnos (SE Aegean, Greece). Willdenowia 39: 165-177.
  • Zhao, Y.Z., Zhao, L.Q. & Rui, C. (eds.) (2019). Flora Intramongolica, edition 3, 3: 1-513. Typis Intramongolicae popularis, Huhhot.
  • Zuloaga, F.O. & Belgrano, M.J. (eds.) (2019). Flora Argentina. Flora vascular de la República Argentina 20(2): 1-444. INTA, IMBIV & IBODA.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • von Raab-Straube, E. (ed.) (2005-2022). The Euro+Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/query.asp.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Allen, D., Bilz, M., Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M., Timoshyna, A., & Window, J. (2014). European Red List of medicinal plants. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 10:907382.
  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • Plants for malaria, plants for fever: Medicinal species in Latin America, a bibliographic survey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
{Willmott, E.A.; Th. Delacour} [s.n.] France K002752449 Yes
Barton, W.C. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752432 Yes
Kirk, J.W.C. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752413 Yes
Kirk, J.W.C. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752414 Yes
Worsdell, W.C. [247/1] United Kingdom K002752403 Yes
Willmott, E.A.; Théveneaux, A. [s.n.] France K002752447 Yes
Godman, F.D. [s.n.] Portugal K002752480 Yes
{Bordère} [s.n.] France K002752440 Yes
Thurston, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752418 Yes
Erikson, J. [s.n.] Sweden K002752439 Yes
{Pichler} [s.n.] K002752467 Yes
Hu, S.Y. [6589] Hong Kong K002753492 No
Gandoger, M. [s.n.] Syria K002752471 Yes
{Willmott, E.A.; Bonnet} [s.n.] France K002752441 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 7212] K001126925 Unknown Type Material Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [4086] United Kingdom K002752381 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752402 Yes
Duben [s.n.] Sweden K002752438 Yes
Dallimore, W. [s.n.] K002753486 No
Baker, F. [H[5]00-24] United Kingdom K002752385 Yes
Vine, R.S. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752391 Yes
Thurston, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752421 Yes
{Porta} [s.n.] Italy K002752455 Yes
Tedd, H.G. [882] K002752464 Yes
Murray, R.P. [s.n.] Spain K001091169 Yes
Olive [illegible] [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752382 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Portugal K002752458 Yes
Stirton, C.H. [9619] South Africa K:SPC-51726.000 No
Western, E.Y. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752431 Yes
Willmott, E.A. [s.n.] France K002752445 Yes
Jackson, A.B. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752426 Yes
Stevens, W. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752408 Yes
[Lambert, V.] [s.n.] Belgium K002752450 Yes
Willmott, E.A.; Verlot, B. [s.n.] France K002752443 Yes
Gardner, M.F. [3600] Chile K002753451 No
s.coll. [Cat. no. 7212] K001126926 Unknown Type Material Yes
Fraser, J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752423 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Ireland K002752435 Yes
Cole, L.W. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752389 Yes
Green, P.S. [1962] K002753493 No
Fawzi; Hazim; Hamid, H. [38936] K002753488 No
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752420 Yes
[Oerhil] [s.n.] Portugal K002752478 Yes
Willmott, E.A.; Lombardelly [s.n.] France K002752446 Yes
Wheeler Haines, R. [W1440] Iraq K002753490 No
Rechinger, K.H. [13518] Greece K002752474 Yes
Salisbury, E.J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752396 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752395 Yes
Joad, G.C. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752394 Yes
Makins, F.K. [792] United Kingdom K002752422 Yes
Matta [s.n.] Italy K002752457 Yes
Tedd, H.G. [882] K002752465 Yes
Lousley, J.E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752428 Yes
{Pichler} [s.n.] K002752466 Yes
Dallimore, W. [s.n.] K002753485 No
s.coll. [Cat. no. 7212] K001126924 Unknown Type Material Yes
Wüstnei, K. [s.n.] K002752483 Yes
Kalf; Janan; Wedad; Hana [47371] K002753487 No
Metcalfe, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752392 Yes
[Bubb, T.] [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752425 Yes
Summerhayes, V.S. [243] United Kingdom K002752417 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Jersey K002752437 Yes
Gandoger, M. [7288] Greece K002752473 Yes
Bailey, C. [677] United Kingdom K002752434 Yes
{Sintenis} [467] Türkiye K002752479 Yes
s.coll. [483] United Kingdom K002752409 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [4066] Egypt K002753491 No
Lomax, E.A. [247/1] United Kingdom K002752429 Yes
McCallum-Webster, M. [7272] United Kingdom K002752411 Yes
Clarke, C.B. [47603A] United Kingdom K002752416 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752424 Yes
Atchley, S.C. [1731] Greece K002752472 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752401 Yes
Lousley, J.E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752390 Yes
Lowne, B.T. [35] United Kingdom K002752399 Yes
Olive [illegible] [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752383 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Russia K002752476 Yes
Hubbard, C.E. [9793] United Kingdom K002752388 Yes
Hosking, A. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752393 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002752469 Yes
[Krakik, L.] [s.n.] France K002752453 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Russia K002752475 Yes
Bourgeau, E. [1883] Portugal K002752460 Yes
[Jequeline, W.] [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752427 Yes
Dursy, E.; Schultz, C.H. [s.n.] Germany K002752481 Yes
Devis, H.F. [s.n.] K002752415 Yes
[M. K.] [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752407 Yes
Durham [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752430 Yes
{Willmott, E.A.; Bonnet} [s.n.] France K002752448 Yes
Townsend, C.C. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752410 Yes
Bullock, A.A. [562] United Kingdom K002752398 Yes
Wade, A.E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752433 Yes
Saint-Lager [s.n.] Spain K002752461 Yes
Glaziou, A. [20344] Brazil K001130794 Yes
Gandoger, M. [296] Italy K002752456 Yes
Hosking, A. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752387 Yes
Britton, C.E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752406 Yes
Taylor, P.G.; J.G.D. [0195] United Kingdom K002752400 Yes
{Parker; Cubritt, M. (Miss)} [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752412 Yes
Fraser, J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752384 Yes
Mann, R.J. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752386 Yes
Guinea, E. [261] Spain K002752484 Yes
Ingoldby, C.M. [303] Türkiye K002752462 Yes
Willmott, E.A.; Adelminien, F. [s.n.] France K002752444 Yes
Thomas [s.n.] Switzerland K002752451 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752404 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Eswatini K002752452 Yes
Horwood, A.R. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752405 Yes
{Mitchell} [s.n.] Türkiye K002752470 Yes
Sahira [520] Iraq K002753489 No
Bullock, A.A. [562] United Kingdom K002752397 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002752482 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Portugal K002752459 Yes
Willmott, E.A. [s.n.] France K002752442 Yes
Thurston, E. [s.n.] United Kingdom K002752419 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Jersey K002752436 Yes
Tedd, H.G. [882] K002752463 Yes
Botta [s.n.] K002752468 Yes
Gardner, M.F.; Knees, S.G. [4147] Chile K002753450 No
{Porta} [s.n.] Italy K002752454 Yes
Brenan, J.P.M. [4083] United Kingdom K002752380 Yes

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    • Common Names from Kew's Economic Botany Collection https://www.kew.org/science/collections-and-resources/collections/economic-botany-collection

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    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

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    • Ghazanfar, S. A., Edmondson, J. R. (Eds). (2013-2019). Flora of Iraq, Volumes 5.1, 5.2 and 6.0. Kew Publishing
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

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    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Kew's Living Collection Database

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

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    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0