- Family:
- Apiaceae Lindl.
- Genus:
- Daucus L.
Daucus carota L.
Wild carrot is a member of the carrot family (Apiaceae), which includes parsnip, parsley, fennel and angelica.

[KSP]
Kew Species Profiles
- General Description
-
Wild carrot is a member of the carrot family (Apiaceae), which includes parsnip, parsley, fennel and angelica.
Wild forms have thin, wiry taproots, bearing little resemblance to the bright orange, fleshy root vegetable available commercially, although both share the characteristic carrot fragrance. Delicate white flower heads are produced after the second year of growth, and these have inspired the common name Queen Anne's lace.
The orange colour of cultivated carrots is due to a high concentration of beta-carotene. This is a precursor of vitamin A, which is important for growth, development and good vision. This link between carrots and good eye health probably gave rise to the common suggestion to children reluctant to eat their vegetables - eating carrots will help you to see in the dark!
The spiny fruits have been considered to have diuretic properties and have been used in the treatment of kidney complaints and dropsy.
- Species Profile
-
Geography and distribution
Wild carrot is thought to have originated on the Iranian Plateau (an area which now includes Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran). It now grows across much of western Asia and Europe.
It occurs in free-draining and slightly acidic soils on rough grassland, coastal cliffs and dunes. It frequently naturalises in fields and gardens.
DescriptionOverview: A biennial (flowers produced after the second year of growth) up to 150 cm tall with a grooved, hairless or bristly stem.
Leaves: Finely divided, giving a feathery appearance. Upper leaves are reduced and have a sheathing petiole (leaf stalk). Leaves have a characteristic carrot odour.
Roots: Small (in comparison to commercial carrots), tough, pale-fleshed taproot.
Flowers: White to purple-tinged, borne in late summer in umbrella-like clusters (umbels) up to 7 cm in diameter, with many bracts underneath. The umbels can be concave, flat or convex. Central flowers of the umbel are sometimes dark purple.
Flowering heads become concave (and are considered to resemble birds' nests) when they turn to seed.
Fruits: Dry schizocarp (splitting into two single-seeded portions), 2-4 mm in diameter, with spiny ridges. The spiny fruits attach to the fur of passing animals, aiding seed dispersal.
Purple, white and yellow - colourful carrot historyIt is thought that the familiar orange carrot in cultivation today originated in the area around Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan and had roots that were dark purple due to the presence of the pigment anthocyanin. Dark red and purple carrots are still grown in Afghanistan today.
Wild carrot was taken westwards from this region to Asia Minor (in the 10th or 11th century), Spain (12th century) and northwestern Europe (by the 15th century), and eastwards to China (in the 13th or 14th century) and Japan (by the 17th century). Some mutant yellow and white forms, devoid of anthocyanin, occurred at some stage.
Evidence from documents and paintings (including Christ and the Adulterers by Pieter Aertsen, 1559) suggests that carrots cultivated in northwestern Europe up to the 16th century were all purple or yellow and long. The yellow forms were usually preferred as the pigment from purple forms stained soups and sauces.
Selective breeding of yellow carrots in the Netherlands in the 17th century gave rise to carrots with a higher concentration of orange pigment (beta-carotene). Following this, further cultivars were produced giving rise to the immense variety of root shapes, sizes and colours available today.
Carrots in Babylon?Wild carrot appears in a list of plants grown in the royal garden of Babylon in the 8th century BC. It was included in the list of aromatic herbs (rather than that of vegetables), so it is thought to have been grown for its fragrant leaves or seeds.
Uses Wild carrotWild carrot is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, being particularly useful for meadow areas of wildlife gardens. It is a food plant for the caterpillars of swallowtail butterflies (such as Papilio machaon and P. polyxenes ) and a source of pollen and nectar for bees. Wild carrot reproduces by seed and can be prolific, so should be prevented from going to seed in a garden situation.
Flower heads are attractive in fresh or dry flower arrangements, and the bird nest-like seed heads are also useful for dry arrangements.
Daucus carota subspecies sativusDaucus carota subspecies sativus is cultivated as an annual across much of the temperate and tropical world for its edible, orange storage roots. Carrot is a major root vegetable for human consumption, and also an important fodder crop, with world production of over 20 million megatons.
Carrots are eaten raw in salads; cooked in soups, stir-fries, and casseroles; served alone as a side vegetable; and processed to make baby foods. Carrot is frequently used as a colourful garnish, often grated, sometimes sculpted into decorative flower-like shapes.
Carrot juice is popular as a healthy drink, both alone or mixed with other vegetable and fruit juices. Carrots are used in sweet dishes such as carrot cake and in Asia often used in jams and syrups.
Carrots are a source of the natural food dye carotene. Carrot fruit oil has been used for flavouring liqueurs and as an ingredient in cosmetics.
Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storageThe Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plant life worldwide, focusing on plants under threat and those of most use in the future. Seeds are dried, packaged and stored at a sub-zero temperature in our seed bank vault.
More than 80 collections of Daucus carota seeds are held in Kew's Millennium Seed Bank based at Wakehurst in West Sussex.
This species at KewDaucus carota can usually be seen growing in the Plant Family Beds and Student Vegetable Plots at Kew.
Pressed and dried specimens of Daucus carota are held in Kew's Herbarium where they are available to researchers by appointment. The details of some of these specimens, including images, can be seen online in Kew's Herbarium Catalogue.
online
Specimens of seeds, roots and seed oil of wild carrot are held in Kew's Economic Botany Collection, where they are available to researchers by appointment.
- Ecology
- Rough grassland, coastal cliffs and dunes.
- Conservation
- Widespread and not considered to be threatened.
- Hazards
-
Wild carrot has some medical properties and is similar in appearance to poisonous species such as poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) and fool's parsley (Aethusa cynapium).
[UNAL]
Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
- Vernacular
- zanahoria, zanahoria amarilla
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Erect annual or biennial herb up to 1 m tall, usually hispidly hairy, with a swollen usually orange taproot
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves 2–3-pinnate with linear to lanceolate segments
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Umbels strongly contracted in fruit; rays 30–50, unequal; bracts once or twice pinnately divided; bracteoles of outer partial umbels 3-fid, of the inner entire
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals white, often with one or more purple flowers in the central umbel
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruits 2–4 mm long.
- Distribution
- Cultivated at least in N1 and N2, now widespread in cultivation.
- Vernacular
- Carrot (English)
- Note
- The wild and cultivated carrots all belong to D. carota in a wide sense. This is a highly complex taxon and the cultivated forms are often placed in subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcangeli. For an account of the origin of the cultivated carrot, see Heywood in Isr. J. Bot. 32: 51–65 (1983).
[UPFC]
- Distribution
- Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 2550–2850 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Colombian departments: Bogotá DC, Cundinamarca.
- Habit
- Herb.
- Ecology
- Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, shrubland, native grassland, artificial - terrestrial.
- Vernacular
- Zanahoria
[FIQ]
Ghazanfar, S. A. & Edmondson, J. R (Eds). (2014) Flora of Iraq, Volume 5 Part 2: Lythraceae to Campanulaceae.
- Morphology General Habit
- Erect annual or biennial, 30–100 cm, subglabrous to densely hispid, especially in the lower part of the stem
- Morphology Stem
- Stem solid, striate or sulcate, hairs in the lower part deflexed
- Morphology Leaves
- Lower leaves oblong in outline, shortly petiolate to subsessile on the attenuate, expanded sheaths, bi- or tri-pinnatisect into oblong-ovate or broadly lanceolate, incised segments Upper leaves shorter, sessile on shorter sheaths, 1- or 2-pinnate with narrower, more elongate and divaricate segments
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Umbels rather few, to 13 cm in diameter in full flower but frequently much less, strongly contracted in fruit with the long outer rays curving in over the shorter inner rays; rays very numerous, sparsely hispid to subglabrous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Involucre
- Involucre of 7–12 simply pinnate bracts, bracts glabrous or long-strugose, conspicuous, white-margined below, margin webbing across to the lowest pinnae
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracteoles
- Bracteoles ± 8, linear-lanceolate, simple or trifid, membranous-margined, subequalling the largest pedicels
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Central flower frequently blackish purple
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Outer petals somewhat larger but not conspicuously radiant
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit 2–3 mm, secondary ridges with 6–8 or by fission 12–16 slender, glochidiate spines in a single row. Primary ridges filiform, with rows of bristles diverging at 90°
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
- Styles slender, 0.75–1 mm, flexuose-divaricate.
- Ecology
- Mainly segetal and ruderal, on mountains on disturbed ground under light Quercus scrub, waste land in gardens, heavily eroded sandstone, by roadside, dry fields, edge of riverine seepage swamps in the steppe, irrigated fields, orchards and gardens in the desert; alt. 50–950(–1150) m
- Phenology
- Flowering and fruiting: (Apr.–) Jun.–Jul.(–Aug.).
- Distribution
- Occasional in the lower forest zone and steppe region of Iraq, rarer on the irrigated alluvial plain in the desert region. Europe, Aegean Isles, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, Arabia, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Pakistan, C Asia (Turkmenistan to Siberia), India, China, Japan, Philippines & Australia, Macaronesia (Madeira, Canary Is.), N Africa (Morocco, Algeria), Ethiopia, S Africa, N, C & S America. Cosmopolitan in temperate and sub-tropical regions of the world.
- Note
- Carrot; JAZAR (Ar.), ?JIZER (Kurd.), HUWAICH or ZERDEK (Pers., Parsa), HĀWŪCH (Turk.) – some of these names being variously spelled by different authors.? UZAIRAH (Kurd.-Ain Sifni, Salim 2580 reported to be presumably the herbage, “poisonous to sheep”; ?GIYĀ FALLA (Kurd.-Shaikhan, Salim 2598 as “a forage plant”).
[CPLC]
Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- Distribution
- Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 2550 - 2850 m.; Andes.
- Morphology General Habit
- Hierba
[UPFC]
- Use Animal Food
- Used as animal food.
- Use Gene Sources
- Used as gene sources.
- Use Food
- Used for food.
- Use Materials
- Used as material.
- Use Medicines
- Medical uses.
- Use Poisons
- Poisons.
[FIQ]
- Use
- Wren (1956) states that the plant top is medicinal: diuretic, stimulant and deobstruent, a valuable remedy in folk medicine in cases of dropsy, retention of urine, gravel and bladder afflictions, as also noted by Rawi & Chakravarty (1964) and Chakravarty (1976) who describes its medicinal properties in greater detail. As opposed to the wild forms, the cultivated carrot is widely known as a useful vegetable and grown as such in many countries.
Native to:
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Central European Rus, China South-Central, China Southeast, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, North Caucasus, Northwest European R, Norway, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, South European Russi, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, Yugoslavia
Introduced into:
Alabama, Amsterdam-St.Paul Is, Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Bangladesh, Brazil South, British Columbia, California, Cape Provinces, Chile Central, Chile South, China North-Central, Colorado, Connecticut, Costa Rica, Cuba, Delaware, Desventurados Is., District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, Easter Is., Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, Florida, Georgia, Guatemala, Hainan, Haiti, Iceland, Idaho, Illinois, India, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Jamaica, Japan, Jawa, Kansas, Kentucky, Kermadec Is., Korea, Labrador, Leeward Is., Louisiana, Maine, Manchuria, Manitoba, Marianas, Marshall Is., Maryland, Massachusetts, Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mongolia, Montana, Myanmar, Nebraska, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Newfoundland, Nicobar Is., North Carolina, North Dakota, North European Russi, Northern Provinces, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Peru, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Qinghai, Québec, Rhode I., Rodrigues, Réunion, Saskatchewan, South Carolina, South Dakota, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tennessee, Texas, Tibet, Trinidad-Tobago, Uruguay, Utah, Vermont, Vietnam, Virginia, Washington, West Siberia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang
- Daucus carota var. abyssinicus A.Braun
- Daucus carota subsp. annuus (Bég.) Mart.Flores, D.M.Spooner & M.B.Crespo
- Daucus carota subsp. azoricus Franco
- Daucus carota subsp. cantabricus A.Pujadas
- Daucus carota subsp. capillifolius (Gilli) Arbizu
- Daucus carota subsp. caporientalis Reduron
- Daucus carota subsp. carota
- Daucus carota subsp. commutatus (Paol.) Thell.
- Daucus carota subsp. corsoccidentalis Reduron
- Daucus carota subsp. drepanensis (Arcang.) Heywood
- Daucus carota subsp. fontanesii Thell.
- Daucus carota subsp. gadecaei (Rouy & E.G.Camus) Heywood
- Daucus carota subsp. gummifer (Syme) Hook.f.
- Daucus carota subsp. halophilus (Brot.) A.Pujadas
- Daucus carota subsp. hispanicus (Gouan) Thell.
- Daucus carota subsp. major (Vis.) Arcang.
- Daucus carota subsp. majoricus A.Pujadas
- Daucus carota subsp. maritimus (Lam.) Batt.
- Daucus carota subsp. maximus (Desf.) Ball
- Daucus carota var. meriensis Reduron
- Daucus carota subsp. otaportensis Reduron
- Daucus carota subsp. rupestris (Guss.) Heywood
- Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens
- Daucus carota subsp. tenuissimus (A.Chev.) Mart.Flores, D.M.Spooner & M.B.Crespo
- Daucus carota subsp. valeriae Reduron
- English
- Carrot, Wild carrot
Daucus carota L. appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status | Has image? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jun 1, 1984 | s.coll [2286], Iran | K000782463 | No | ||
Jan 10, 1977 | s.coll [1198], Egypt | K000782514 | No | ||
Dec 30, 1976 | Botteri, N. [s.n.], Croatia | K000782335 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | s.coll [2531], France | K000782388 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Forsyth, Major. [H292-23], France | K000782391 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Renvoize, S.A. [342], Spain | K000782395 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | s.coll [810], Cyprus | K000782523 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Mapple. [97], Cyprus | K000782524 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Pampanini, R. [5470], Libya | K000782535 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Faure, A. [s.n.], Algeria | K000782541 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782379 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Barton, W.C. [s.n.], Guernsey | K000782382 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | s.coll [1866], France | K000782387 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Townsend, C.C. [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782378 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Allard, C. [2898], Algeria | K000782538 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Caballero, A. [s.n.], Morocco | K000782397 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Ross-Craig, S. [1543], United Kingdom | K000782216 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782380 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Brenam, J.P.M. [9968], Portugal | K000782373 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Irssidden, W. [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782180 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Hooker [s.n.], Morocco | K000782539 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Faure, A. [s.n.], Algeria | K000782534 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Eshiting, M.M. [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782381 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Sandwith, N.Y. [2639; 39582], Libya | K000782537 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Renvoize, S.A. [345], Spain | K000782371 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Furse, P. [9023], Iran | K000782521 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Hooker [s.n.], Morocco | K000782546 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Louis-Arsene [1711], Jersey | K000782383 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Hooker [s.n.], Morocco | K000782540 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Kennedy, T.W. [70], Spain | K000782399 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Maitland, T.D. [95], Israel | K000782520 | No | ||
Dec 1, 1976 | Jamin, P. [168], Algeria | K000782545 | No | ||
Nov 1, 1976 | Caballero, A. [s.n.], Morocco | K000782314 | No | ||
Nov 1, 1976 | Toziponé, T. [38], Croatia | K000782337 | No | ||
Wright, C.H. [223], United Kingdom | K000782191 | No | |||
Melville, R. [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782202 | No | |||
Callier, A. [617], Ukraine | K000782236 | No | |||
Edmond, M.E. [6], Spain | K000782317 | No | |||
Makashvili, A. [s.n.], Georgia | K000782483 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 7214] | K001126930 | Yes | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 7214] | K001126929 | Yes | |||
Gamble, J.S. [27972], United Kingdom | K000782204 | No | |||
Cope, T.A. [RBG 549], Great Britain | K000914628 | Yes | |||
s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782197 | No | |||
Wyatt, J.W. [248], United Kingdom | K000782205 | No | |||
Wyatt, J.W. [187], United Kingdom | K000782206 | No | |||
Protmeroe, J. [12], Turkey | K000782487 | No | |||
Roper, I.M. [767], United Kingdom | K000782198 | No | |||
Lambert, M.R.K. [501], Turkey | K000782511 | No | |||
Summerhayes, V.S. [99], United Kingdom | K000782196 | No | |||
Barkill, J.H. [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782192 | No | |||
Hepper, F.N. [475], United Kingdom | K000782184 | No | |||
Wright, C.H. [132], United Kingdom | K000782185 | No | |||
Warren, R.C. [34], Iran | K000782464 | No | |||
Miller, N.F. [883], Turkey | K000782498 | No | |||
s.coll [245], United Kingdom | K000782194 | No | |||
Edmond, M.E. [182], Spain | K000782318 | No | |||
Bruce, E.A. [36], United Kingdom | K000782181 | No | |||
Ingoldby, C.M. [328], Turkey | K000782345 | No | |||
Wyatt, J.W. [216], United Kingdom | K000782207 | No | |||
Wyatt, J.W. [60], United Kingdom | K000782193 | No | |||
Hepper, F.N. [9981], France | K000782249 | No | |||
Day, C.D. [685], Turkey | K000341680 | No | |||
s.coll [72], Spain | K000782320 | No | |||
Sheahan, M.C. [MCS61], United Kingdom | K000782212 | No | |||
s.coll. [Cat. no. 7214] | K001126928 | Yes | |||
Callum-Webster, M.M. [5142], United Kingdom | K000782215 | No | |||
s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782199 | No | |||
Reynolds, L. [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782210 | No | |||
Broad, D. [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782186 | No | |||
Townsend, C.C. [85/34], Greece | K000782324 | No | |||
Woesdell, W.C. [282/1], United Kingdom | K000782190 | No | |||
Townsend, C.C. [s.n.], United Kingdom | K000782211 | No |
First published in Sp. Pl.: 242 (1753)
Accepted by
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
- Allred, K.W. (2012). Flora Neomexicana, ed. 2, 1: 1-599. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
- Bailey, C. & al. (2015). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee: 1-813. University of Tennessee press.
- Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (1990). Flore des Mascareignes 90-106: 1. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
- Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1981). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 3: 1-499. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Dimopoulos, P., Raus, T., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, T., Iatrou, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A., & Tzanoudakis, D. (2013). Vascular plants of Greece. An annotated checklist: 1-372. Botanic gardens and botanical museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin and Hellenic botanical society, Athens.
- Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
- Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.) (2003). Plants of Southern Africa an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 1-1231. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Ghazanfar, S.A. & Edmondson, J.R. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Iraq 5(2): 1-349. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
- Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.
- Govaerts, R. (2000). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS D: 1-30141.
- Gutiérrez, J. & Solano, E. (2014). Afinidades florísticas y fitogeográficas de la vegetación del municipio de San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, México. Acta Botanica Mexicana 107: 27-65. Instituto de Ecología A.C.
- Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(1): 1-904. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
- Hedge, I.C., Lamond, J.M. & Rechinger, K.H. (1987). Flora Iranica 162: 1-555. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
- Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.
- Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Komiljon, T., Natalya, B., Avazbek, B., Dilnoza, A., Ziyoviddin, Y., Deng, T. & Sun, H. (2020). Flora of the Dzhizak Province, Uzbekistan: 1-523. China Forestry Publishing House.
- Kral, R., Diamond, A.R., Ginzbarg, S.L., Hansen, C.J., Haynes, R.R., Keener, B.R., Lelong, M.G., Spaulding, D.D. & Woods, M. (2011). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Alabama: 1-112. Botanical reseach institute of Texas.
- Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
- Litvinskaya, S.A. & Murtazaliev, R.A. (2013). Flora of the Northern Caucasus: An Atlas and Identification Book: 1-688. Fiton XXI.
- López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico. Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
- Meades, S.J. & Brouillet, L. (2019). Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Newfoundland and Labrador https://www.newfoundland-labradorflora.com/checklist/.
- Meikle, R.D. (1977). Flora of Cyprus 1: 1-832. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
- Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
- Mostaph, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
- Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
- Nasir, E. (1972). Flora of West Pakistan 20: 1-169.
- Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
- Peschkova, G.A. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Siberia 10: 1-314. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
- Pimenov, M.G., Kljuykov, E.V. & Ukrainskaja, U.A. (2014). Cephalopodum badachshanicum, Semenovia vachanica and other Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) novelties of Afghan flora from Badakhshan province, with notes on some species of the Pamirs. Skvortsovia 1: 149-168.
- Schäfer, H. (2021). Flora of the Azores a field guide: 1-445. Margraf Publishers GmbH.
- Sheremetova, S.A., Ebel, A.L. & Buko, T.E. (2011). Supplement to the flora of Kemerovo region since 2001 till 2010. Turczaninowia 14(1): 65-74.
- Shishkin, B.K. (ed.) (1950). Flora Turkmenii 5: 1-271. Turkmenskoe gosudarstvennoe izd., Ashkhabad.
- Singh, A. (2012). Exotic flora of the Chandauli district Uttar Pradesh, India: an overview. Indian Journal of Forestry 35: 79-84.
- Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) in Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2012). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 3(2): 1-623. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
- Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.) (1948-1954). Flora Malesiana 4: 1-631. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.
- Van Wyk, B.-E., Tilney, P.M. & Magee, A.R. (2013). African Apiaceae: a synopsis of the Apiaceae/Umbelliferae of Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar: 1- 317. Briza Academic Books, Pretoria.
- Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
- Werier, D. (2017). Catalogue of the Vascular plants of New York state. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 27: 1-542.
- Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2005). Flora of China 14: 1-581. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
- Zuloaga, F.O. & Belgrano, M.J. (eds.) (2019). Flora Argentina. Flora vascular de la República Argentina 20(2): 1-444. INTA, IMBIV & IBODA.
- Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Literature
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
Kew Species Profiles
- Breckle, S. -W. & Rafiqpoor, M. D. (2010). Field Guide Afghanistan. Scientia Bonnensis, Bonn, Germany.
- Davidson, A. (2006). The Oxford Companion to Food, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.
- Heywood, V. H. et al. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Huxley, A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (eds) (1997). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening, Volume 1 (A–C). The Stockton Press, New York.
- Huxley, A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (eds) (1997). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening, Volume 2 (D–K). The Stockton Press, New York.
- Lawton, B. P. (2007). Parsleys, Fennels and Queen Anne’s Lace: Herbs and Ornamentals from the Umbel Family. Timber Press Inc., Portland, Oregon.
- Mabberley, D. J. (2008). Mabberley’s Plant-book: a Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Mabey, R. (1997). Flora Britannica. Chatto & Windus, London.
- Tutin, T. G. et al. (eds) (1996). Flora Europaea, Volume 2, Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Vaughan, J. G. & Geissler, C. A. (2009). The New Oxford Book of Food Plants, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.
Flora of Iraq
- Anth in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 18: 289 (1935);
- Blakelock in Kew Bull. 3: 433 (1948);
- Boiss., Fl. Orient. 2: 1076 (1872);
- Bornmuller in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 58B: 287 (1938);
- Cullen in Fl. Turk. 4: 531 (1972);
- DC., Prodr. 4: 211 (1830);
- E. Nasir in Fl. Pak. 20: 103, f. 31 (1972);
- Grossh., Fl. Kavk. ed. 2, 7: 137 (1967);
- Guest in Dep. Agr. Iraq Bull. 27: 29 (1933);
- H. Riedl in Fl. Lowland Iraq: 471 (1964);
- Hand.-Mazz. in Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 92 (1913);
- Hayek, Prod. Fl. Balc. 1: 1051 (1927);
- Hussain & Kasim, Cult. Pl. Iraq 105 (1975);
- Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 242 (1753);
- Meikle, Fl. Cyprus 1: 709 (1977);
- Nabělek in Publ. Fac. Sci. Univ. Masaryk 35: 129 (1923);
- Rawi & Chakr., ibid. 15: 36 (1964);
- Rawi in Dep. Agr. Iraq Tech. Bull. 14: 91 (1964);
- Rech.f., Fl. Iranica 162: 136 (1987);
- Schischkin in Fl. SSSR 16: 288 (1951);
- She Menglan & Watson in Fl. China 14: 205 (2005).
- Zohary in Dep. Agr. Iraq Bull. 31: 113 (1950);
- Zohary, Fl. Palaest. 2: 452 (1972);
- Zohary, Fl. Palest. ed. 2, 1: 566 (1932);
Kew Backbone Distributions
- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
- Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
- Allred, K.W. (2012). Flora Neomexicana, ed. 2, 1: 1-599. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
- Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce). Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170.
- Bailey, C. & al. (2015). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee: 1-813. University of Tennessee press.
- Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
- Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
- Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Dassanayake (ed.) (1981). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 3: 1-499. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
- Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
- Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae. Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
- GBIF (2008-2020). Global Biodiversity Information Facility http://www.gbif.org/.
- Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.
- Gutiérrez, J. & Solano, E. (2014). Afinidades florísticas y fitogeográficas de la vegetación del municipio de San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, México. Acta Botanica Mexicana 107: 27-65. Instituto de Ecología A.C.
- Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(1): 1-904. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
- Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (1999). Flora of Japan IIc: 1-328. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
- Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.
- Jonsell, B. & Karlsson, T. (eds.) (2010). Flora Nordica 6: 1-298. The Bergius Foundaton.
- Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
- Kral, R., Diamond, A.R., Ginzbarg, S.L., Hansen, C.J., Haynes, R.R., Keener, B.R., Lelong, M.G., Spaulding, D.D. & Woods, M. (2011). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Alabama: 1-112. Botanical reseach institute of Texas.
- Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
- Litvinskaya, S.A. & Murtazaliev, R.A. (2013). Flora of the Northern Caucasus: An Atlas and Identification Book: 1-688. Fiton XXI.
- Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
- López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico. Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
- Meikle, R.D. (1977). Flora of Cyprus 1: 1-832. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
- Mostaph, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
- Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
- Nasir, E. (1972). Flora of West Pakistan 20: 1-169.
- Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
- Peschkova, G.A. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Siberia 10: 1-314. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
- Singh, A. (2012). Exotic flora of the Chandauli district Uttar Pradesh, India: an overview. Indian Journal of Forestry 35: 79-84.
- USDA, NRCS ( 2021-continuously updated). Natural Resources Conservation Services Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=checklist.html.
- Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.) (1948-1954). Flora Malesiana 4: 1-631. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.
- Van Wyk, B.-E., Tilney, P.M. & Magee, A.R. (2013). African Apiaceae: a synopsis of the Apiaceae/Umbelliferae of Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar: 1- 317. Briza Academic Books, Pretoria.
- Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
- Werier, D. (2017). Catalogue of the Vascular plants of New York state. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 27: 1-542.
- Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2005). Flora of China 14: 1-581. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
- Zizka, G. (1991). Flowering plants of Easter island. Palmarum Hortus Francofurtensis 3: 1-108.
- Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.
Flora of Somalia
- Flora Somalia, Vol 2, (1999) Author: by M. Thulin [updated by M. Thulin 2008]
Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
- Allen, D., Bilz, M., Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M., Timoshyna, A., & Window, J. (2014). European Red List of medicinal plants. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 10:907382.
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
- Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
- Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
- Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R. J., Guarino, L., Khoury, C. K., Müller, J. V. & Toll, J. (2014). Adapting agriculture to climate change: a global initiative to collect, conserve, and use crop wild relatives. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38, 369-377.
- Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
- Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
- FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
- GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
- GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
- Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
- PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
- RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
- Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
-
Art and Illustrations in Digifolia
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew
-
Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible
ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
-
Flora of Iraq
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of Somalia
Flora of Somalia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
-
Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Living Collection Database
Common Names from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Living Collection https://www.kew.org/
-
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Kew Science Photographs
Copyright applied to individual images
-
Kew Species Profiles
Kew Species Profiles
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
ColPlantA database
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0