Family:
Apiaceae Lindl.
Genus:
Daucus L.

Daucus carota L.

Wild carrot is a member of the carrot family (Apiaceae), which includes parsnip, parsley, fennel and angelica.

[KSP]

Kew Species Profiles

General Description

Wild carrot is a member of the carrot family (Apiaceae), which includes parsnip, parsley, fennel and angelica.

Wild forms have thin, wiry taproots, bearing little resemblance to the bright orange, fleshy root vegetable available commercially, although both share the characteristic carrot fragrance. Delicate white flower heads are produced after the second year of growth, and these have inspired the common name Queen Anne's lace.

The orange colour of cultivated carrots is due to a high concentration of beta-carotene. This is a precursor of vitamin A, which is important for growth, development and good vision. This link between carrots and good eye health probably gave rise to the common suggestion to children reluctant to eat their vegetables - eating carrots will help you to see in the dark!

The spiny fruits have been considered to have diuretic properties and have been used in the treatment of kidney complaints and dropsy.

Species Profile
Geography and distribution

Wild carrot is thought to have originated on the Iranian Plateau (an area which now includes Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran). It now grows across much of western Asia and Europe.

It occurs in free-draining and slightly acidic soils on rough grassland, coastal cliffs and dunes. It frequently naturalises in fields and gardens.

Description

Overview: A biennial (flowers produced after the second year of growth) up to 150 cm tall with a grooved, hairless or bristly stem.

Leaves: Finely divided, giving a feathery appearance. Upper leaves are reduced and have a sheathing petiole (leaf stalk). Leaves have a characteristic carrot odour.

Roots: Small (in comparison to commercial carrots), tough, pale-fleshed taproot.

Flowers: White to purple-tinged, borne in late summer in umbrella-like clusters (umbels) up to 7 cm in diameter, with many bracts underneath. The umbels can be concave, flat or convex. Central flowers of the umbel are sometimes dark purple.

Flowering heads become concave (and are considered to resemble birds' nests) when they turn to seed.

Fruits: Dry schizocarp (splitting into two single-seeded portions), 2-4 mm in diameter, with spiny ridges. The spiny fruits attach to the fur of passing animals, aiding seed dispersal.

Purple, white and yellow - colourful carrot history

It is thought that the familiar orange carrot in cultivation today originated in the area around Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan and had roots that were dark purple due to the presence of the pigment anthocyanin. Dark red and purple carrots are still grown in Afghanistan today.

Wild carrot was taken westwards from this region to Asia Minor (in the 10th or 11th century), Spain (12th century) and northwestern Europe (by the 15th century), and eastwards to China (in the 13th or 14th century) and Japan (by the 17th century). Some mutant yellow and white forms, devoid of anthocyanin, occurred at some stage.

Evidence from documents and paintings (including Christ and the Adulterers by Pieter Aertsen, 1559) suggests that carrots cultivated in northwestern Europe up to the 16th century were all purple or yellow and long. The yellow forms were usually preferred as the pigment from purple forms stained soups and sauces.

Selective breeding of yellow carrots in the Netherlands in the 17th century gave rise to carrots with a higher concentration of orange pigment (beta-carotene). Following this, further cultivars were produced giving rise to the immense variety of root shapes, sizes and colours available today.

Carrots in Babylon?

Wild carrot appears in a list of plants grown in the royal garden of Babylon in the 8th century BC. It was included in the list of aromatic herbs (rather than that of vegetables), so it is thought to have been grown for its fragrant leaves or seeds.

Uses Wild carrot

Wild carrot is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, being particularly useful for meadow areas of wildlife gardens. It is a food plant for the caterpillars of swallowtail butterflies (such as Papilio machaon and P. polyxenes ) and a source of pollen and nectar for bees. Wild carrot reproduces by seed and can be prolific, so should be prevented from going to seed in a garden situation.

Flower heads are attractive in fresh or dry flower arrangements, and the bird nest-like seed heads are also useful for dry arrangements.

Daucus carota subspecies sativus

Daucus carota subspecies sativus is cultivated as an annual across much of the temperate and tropical world for its edible, orange storage roots. Carrot is a major root vegetable for human consumption, and also an important fodder crop, with world production of over 20 million megatons.

Carrots are eaten raw in salads; cooked in soups, stir-fries, and casseroles; served alone as a side vegetable; and processed to make baby foods. Carrot is frequently used as a colourful garnish, often grated, sometimes sculpted into decorative flower-like shapes.

Carrot juice is popular as a healthy drink, both alone or mixed with other vegetable and fruit juices. Carrots are used in sweet dishes such as carrot cake and in Asia often used in jams and syrups.

Carrots are a source of the natural food dye carotene. Carrot fruit oil has been used for flavouring liqueurs and as an ingredient in cosmetics.

Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storage

The Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plant life worldwide, focusing on plants under threat and those of most use in the future. Seeds are dried, packaged and stored at a sub-zero temperature in our seed bank vault.

More than 80 collections of Daucus carota seeds are held in Kew's Millennium Seed Bank based at Wakehurst in West Sussex.

This species at Kew

Daucus carota can usually be seen growing in the Plant Family Beds and Student Vegetable Plots at Kew.

Pressed and dried specimens of Daucus carota are held in Kew's Herbarium where they are available to researchers by appointment. The details of some of these specimens, including images, can be seen online in Kew's Herbarium Catalogue.

online

Specimens of seeds, roots and seed oil of wild carrot are held in Kew's Economic Botany Collection, where they are available to researchers by appointment.

Ecology
Rough grassland, coastal cliffs and dunes.
Conservation
Widespread and not considered to be threatened.
Hazards

Wild carrot has some medical properties and is similar in appearance to poisonous species such as poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) and fool's parsley (Aethusa cynapium).

[UNAL]

Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. 2017. Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/

Vernacular
zanahoria, zanahoria amarilla

[FSOM]

M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS

Morphology General Habit
Erect annual or biennial herb up to 1 m tall, usually hispidly hairy, with a swollen usually orange taproot
Morphology Leaves
Leaves 2–3-pinnate with linear to lanceolate segments
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
Umbels strongly contracted in fruit; rays 30–50, unequal; bracts once or twice pinnately divided; bracteoles of outer partial umbels 3-fid, of the inner entire
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
Petals white, often with one or more purple flowers in the central umbel
Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
Fruits 2–4 mm long.
Distribution
Cultivated at least in N1 and N2, now widespread in cultivation.
Vernacular
Carrot (English)
Note
The wild and cultivated carrots all belong to D. carota in a wide sense. This is a highly complex taxon and the cultivated forms are often placed in subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcangeli. For an account of the origin of the cultivated carrot, see Heywood in Isr. J. Bot. 32: 51–65 (1983).

[UPFC]
Distribution
Biogeografic region: Andean. Elevation range: 2550–2850 m a.s.l. Cultivated in Colombia. Colombian departments: Bogotá DC, Cundinamarca.
Habit
Herb.
Ecology
Habitat according IUCN Habitats Classification: forest and woodland, shrubland, native grassland, artificial - terrestrial.
Vernacular
Zanahoria

[FIQ]

Ghazanfar, S. A. & Edmondson, J. R (Eds). (2014) Flora of Iraq, Volume 5 Part 2: Lythraceae to Campanulaceae.

Morphology General Habit
Erect annual or biennial, 30–100 cm, subglabrous to densely hispid, especially in the lower part of the stem
Morphology Stem
Stem solid, striate or sulcate, hairs in the lower part deflexed
Morphology Leaves
Lower leaves oblong in outline, shortly petiolate to subsessile on the attenuate, expanded sheaths, bi- or tri-pinnatisect into oblong-ovate or broadly lanceolate, incised segments Upper leaves shorter, sessile on shorter sheaths, 1- or 2-pinnate with narrower, more elongate and divaricate segments
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
Umbels rather few, to 13 cm in diameter in full flower but frequently much less, strongly contracted in fruit with the long outer rays curving in over the shorter inner rays; rays very numerous, sparsely hispid to subglabrous
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracts Involucre
Involucre of 7–12 simply pinnate bracts, bracts glabrous or long-strugose, conspicuous, white-margined below, margin webbing across to the lowest pinnae
Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences Bracteoles
Bracteoles ± 8, linear-lanceolate, simple or trifid, membranous-margined, subequalling the largest pedicels
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
Central flower frequently blackish purple
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
Outer petals somewhat larger but not conspicuously radiant
Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
Fruit 2–3 mm, secondary ridges with 6–8 or by fission 12–16 slender, glochidiate spines in a single row. Primary ridges filiform, with rows of bristles diverging at 90°
Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Style
Styles slender, 0.75–1 mm, flexuose-divaricate.
Ecology
Mainly segetal and ruderal, on mountains on disturbed ground under light Quercus scrub, waste land in gardens, heavily eroded sandstone, by roadside, dry fields, edge of riverine seepage swamps in the steppe, irrigated fields, orchards and gardens in the desert; alt. 50–950(–1150) m
Phenology
Flowering and fruiting: (Apr.–) Jun.–Jul.(–Aug.).
Distribution
Occasional in the lower forest zone and steppe region of Iraq, rarer on the irrigated alluvial plain in the desert region. Europe, Aegean Isles, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, Arabia, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Pakistan, C Asia (Turkmenistan to Siberia), India, China, Japan, Philippines & Australia, Macaronesia (Madeira, Canary Is.), N Africa (Morocco, Algeria), Ethiopia, S Africa, N, C & S America. Cosmopolitan in temperate and sub-tropical regions of the world.
Note
Carrot; JAZAR (Ar.), ?JIZER (Kurd.), HUWAICH or ZERDEK (Pers., Parsa), HĀWŪCH (Turk.) – some of these names being variously spelled by different authors.? UZAIRAH (Kurd.-Ain Sifni, Salim 2580 reported to be presumably the herbage, “poisonous to sheep”; ?GIYĀ FALLA (Kurd.-Shaikhan, Salim 2598 as “a forage plant”).

[CPLC]

Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Distribution
Cultivada en Colombia; Alt. 2550 - 2850 m.; Andes.
Morphology General Habit
Hierba

[KSP]
Use
Food and drink.

[FSOM]
Use
Widely cultivated for its edible root rich in sugars and vitamins, especially A and C.

[UPFC]
Use Animal Food
Used as animal food.
Use Gene Sources
Used as gene sources.
Use Food
Used for food.
Use Materials
Used as material.
Use Medicines
Medical uses.
Use Poisons
Poisons.

[FIQ]
Use
Wren (1956) states that the plant top is medicinal: diuretic, stimulant and deobstruent, a valuable remedy in folk medicine in cases of dropsy, retention of urine, gravel and bladder afflictions, as also noted by Rawi & Chakravarty (1964) and Chakravarty (1976) who describes its medicinal properties in greater detail. As opposed to the wild forms, the cultivated carrot is widely known as a useful vegetable and grown as such in many countries.

Native to:

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Azores, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Cape Verde, Central European Rus, China South-Central, China Southeast, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, North Caucasus, Northwest European R, Norway, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, South European Russi, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, Yugoslavia

Introduced into:

Alabama, Amsterdam-St.Paul Is, Andaman Is., Angola, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Argentina South, Arizona, Arkansas, Bangladesh, Brazil South, British Columbia, California, Cape Provinces, Chile Central, Chile South, China North-Central, Colorado, Connecticut, Costa Rica, Cuba, Delaware, Desventurados Is., District of Columbia, Dominican Republic, Easter Is., Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, Florida, Georgia, Guatemala, Hainan, Haiti, Iceland, Idaho, Illinois, India, Indiana, Inner Mongolia, Iowa, Jamaica, Japan, Jawa, Kansas, Kentucky, Kermadec Is., Korea, Labrador, Leeward Is., Louisiana, Maine, Manchuria, Manitoba, Marianas, Marshall Is., Maryland, Massachusetts, Mauritius, Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mongolia, Montana, Myanmar, Nebraska, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Newfoundland, Nicobar Is., North Carolina, North Dakota, North European Russi, Northern Provinces, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Peru, Primorye, Prince Edward I., Puerto Rico, Qinghai, Québec, Rhode I., Rodrigues, Réunion, Saskatchewan, South Carolina, South Dakota, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tennessee, Texas, Tibet, Trinidad-Tobago, Uruguay, Utah, Vermont, Vietnam, Virginia, Washington, West Siberia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Xinjiang

English
Wild carrot

Daucus carota L. appears in other Kew resources:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jun 1, 1984 s.coll [2286], Iran K000782463 No
Jan 10, 1977 s.coll [1198], Egypt K000782514 No
Dec 30, 1976 Botteri, N. [s.n.], Croatia K000782335 No
Dec 1, 1976 s.coll [2531], France K000782388 No
Dec 1, 1976 Forsyth, Major. [H292-23], France K000782391 No
Dec 1, 1976 Renvoize, S.A. [342], Spain K000782395 No
Dec 1, 1976 s.coll [810], Cyprus K000782523 No
Dec 1, 1976 Mapple. [97], Cyprus K000782524 No
Dec 1, 1976 Pampanini, R. [5470], Libya K000782535 No
Dec 1, 1976 Faure, A. [s.n.], Algeria K000782541 No
Dec 1, 1976 s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782379 No
Dec 1, 1976 Barton, W.C. [s.n.], Guernsey K000782382 No
Dec 1, 1976 s.coll [1866], France K000782387 No
Dec 1, 1976 Townsend, C.C. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782378 No
Dec 1, 1976 Allard, C. [2898], Algeria K000782538 No
Dec 1, 1976 Caballero, A. [s.n.], Morocco K000782397 No
Dec 1, 1976 Ross-Craig, S. [1543], United Kingdom K000782216 No
Dec 1, 1976 s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782380 No
Dec 1, 1976 Brenam, J.P.M. [9968], Portugal K000782373 No
Dec 1, 1976 Irssidden, W. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782180 No
Dec 1, 1976 Hooker [s.n.], Morocco K000782539 No
Dec 1, 1976 Faure, A. [s.n.], Algeria K000782534 No
Dec 1, 1976 Eshiting, M.M. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782381 No
Dec 1, 1976 Sandwith, N.Y. [2639; 39582], Libya K000782537 No
Dec 1, 1976 Renvoize, S.A. [345], Spain K000782371 No
Dec 1, 1976 Furse, P. [9023], Iran K000782521 No
Dec 1, 1976 Hooker [s.n.], Morocco K000782546 No
Dec 1, 1976 Louis-Arsene [1711], Jersey K000782383 No
Dec 1, 1976 Hooker [s.n.], Morocco K000782540 No
Dec 1, 1976 Kennedy, T.W. [70], Spain K000782399 No
Dec 1, 1976 Maitland, T.D. [95], Israel K000782520 No
Dec 1, 1976 Jamin, P. [168], Algeria K000782545 No
Nov 1, 1976 Caballero, A. [s.n.], Morocco K000782314 No
Nov 1, 1976 Toziponé, T. [38], Croatia K000782337 No
Wright, C.H. [223], United Kingdom K000782191 No
Melville, R. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782202 No
Callier, A. [617], Ukraine K000782236 No
Edmond, M.E. [6], Spain K000782317 No
Makashvili, A. [s.n.], Georgia K000782483 No
s.coll. [Cat. no. 7214] K001126930 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 7214] K001126929 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [27972], United Kingdom K000782204 No
Cope, T.A. [RBG 549], Great Britain K000914628 Yes
s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782197 No
Wyatt, J.W. [248], United Kingdom K000782205 No
Wyatt, J.W. [187], United Kingdom K000782206 No
Protmeroe, J. [12], Turkey K000782487 No
Roper, I.M. [767], United Kingdom K000782198 No
Lambert, M.R.K. [501], Turkey K000782511 No
Summerhayes, V.S. [99], United Kingdom K000782196 No
Barkill, J.H. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782192 No
Hepper, F.N. [475], United Kingdom K000782184 No
Wright, C.H. [132], United Kingdom K000782185 No
Warren, R.C. [34], Iran K000782464 No
Miller, N.F. [883], Turkey K000782498 No
s.coll [245], United Kingdom K000782194 No
Edmond, M.E. [182], Spain K000782318 No
Bruce, E.A. [36], United Kingdom K000782181 No
Ingoldby, C.M. [328], Turkey K000782345 No
Wyatt, J.W. [216], United Kingdom K000782207 No
Wyatt, J.W. [60], United Kingdom K000782193 No
Hepper, F.N. [9981], France K000782249 No
Day, C.D. [685], Turkey K000341680 No
s.coll [72], Spain K000782320 No
Sheahan, M.C. [MCS61], United Kingdom K000782212 No
s.coll. [Cat. no. 7214] K001126928 Yes
Callum-Webster, M.M. [5142], United Kingdom K000782215 No
s.coll [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782199 No
Reynolds, L. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782210 No
Broad, D. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782186 No
Townsend, C.C. [85/34], Greece K000782324 No
Woesdell, W.C. [282/1], United Kingdom K000782190 No
Townsend, C.C. [s.n.], United Kingdom K000782211 No

First published in Sp. Pl.: 242 (1753)

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Literature

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Species Profiles

  • Breckle, S. -W. & Rafiqpoor, M. D. (2010). Field Guide Afghanistan. Scientia Bonnensis, Bonn, Germany.
  • Davidson, A. (2006). The Oxford Companion to Food, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.
  • Heywood, V. H. et al. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Huxley, A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (eds) (1997). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening, Volume 1 (A–C). The Stockton Press, New York.
  • Huxley, A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (eds) (1997). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening, Volume 2 (D–K). The Stockton Press, New York.
  • Lawton, B. P. (2007). Parsleys, Fennels and Queen Anne’s Lace: Herbs and Ornamentals from the Umbel Family. Timber Press Inc., Portland, Oregon.
  • Mabberley, D. J. (2008). Mabberley’s Plant-book: a Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses. 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Mabey, R. (1997). Flora Britannica. Chatto & Windus, London.
  • Tutin, T. G. et al. (eds) (1996). Flora Europaea, Volume 2, Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Vaughan, J. G. & Geissler, C. A. (2009). The New Oxford Book of Food Plants, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.

Flora of Iraq

  • Anth in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 18: 289 (1935);
  • Blakelock in Kew Bull. 3: 433 (1948);
  • Boiss., Fl. Orient. 2: 1076 (1872);
  • Bornmuller in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 58B: 287 (1938);
  • Cullen in Fl. Turk. 4: 531 (1972);
  • DC., Prodr. 4: 211 (1830);
  • E. Nasir in Fl. Pak. 20: 103, f. 31 (1972);
  • Grossh., Fl. Kavk. ed. 2, 7: 137 (1967);
  • Guest in Dep. Agr. Iraq Bull. 27: 29 (1933);
  • H. Riedl in Fl. Lowland Iraq: 471 (1964);
  • Hand.-Mazz. in Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien 27: 92 (1913);
  • Hayek, Prod. Fl. Balc. 1: 1051 (1927);
  • Hussain & Kasim, Cult. Pl. Iraq 105 (1975);
  • Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 242 (1753);
  • Meikle, Fl. Cyprus 1: 709 (1977);
  • Nabělek in Publ. Fac. Sci. Univ. Masaryk 35: 129 (1923);
  • Rawi & Chakr., ibid. 15: 36 (1964);
  • Rawi in Dep. Agr. Iraq Tech. Bull. 14: 91 (1964);
  • Rech.f., Fl. Iranica 162: 136 (1987);
  • Schischkin in Fl. SSSR 16: 288 (1951);
  • She Menglan & Watson in Fl. China 14: 205 (2005).
  • Zohary in Dep. Agr. Iraq Bull. 31: 113 (1950);
  • Zohary, Fl. Palaest. 2: 452 (1972);
  • Zohary, Fl. Palest. ed. 2, 1: 566 (1932);

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
  • Allred, K.W. (2012). Flora Neomexicana, ed. 2, 1: 1-599. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
  • Authier, P. & Covillot, J. (2011). Catalogue actualisé des plantes de l'île de Rhodes (Grèce) Saussurea; Travaux de la Société Botanique de Genève 41: 131-170.
  • Bailey, C. & al. (2015). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee: 1-813. University of Tennessee press.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.
  • Chukavina, A.P. (ed.) (1984). Flora Tadzhikskoi SSR 7: 1-562. Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, Moskva.
  • Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Farag, I., Candiga, R. & Pickering, H. (eds.) (2015). The Plants of Sudan and South Sudan: 1-400. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Dassanayake (ed.) (1981). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 3: 1-499. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Fosberg, F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae Micronesica; Journal of the College of Guam 15: 41-295.
  • GBIF (2008-2020). Global Biodiversity Information Facility http://www.gbif.org/.
  • Gilman, A.V. (2015). New flora of Vermont Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 110: 1-614.
  • Gutiérrez, J. & Solano, E. (2014). Afinidades florísticas y fitogeográficas de la vegetación del municipio de San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, México Acta Botanica Mexicana 107: 27-65. Instituto de Ecología A.C.
  • Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2020). Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 4(1): 1-904. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (1999). Flora of Japan IIc: 1-328. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
  • Jones, R.L. (2005). Plant life of Kentucky. An illustrated guide to the vascular flora: 1-833. The universitry press of Kentucky.
  • Jonsell, B. & Karlsson, T. (eds.) (2010). Flora Nordica 6: 1-298. The Bergius Foundaton.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
  • Kral, R., Diamond, A.R., Ginzbarg, S.L., Hansen, C.J., Haynes, R.R., Keener, B.R., Lelong, M.G., Spaulding, D.D. & Woods, M. (2011). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Alabama: 1-112. Botanical reseach institute of Texas.
  • Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
  • Litvinskaya, S.A. & Murtazaliev, R.A. (2013). Flora of the Northern Caucasus: An Atlas and Identification Book: 1-688. Fiton XXI.
  • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh l?c các loài th?c v?t Vi?t Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà N?i : Nhà xu?t b?n Nông nghi?p.
  • López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
  • Meikle, R.D. (1977). Flora of Cyprus 1: 1-832. The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
  • Mostaph, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Musselman, L.J. (2011). Checklist of Plants of Lebanon and Syria http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf.
  • Nasir, E. (1972). Flora of West Pakistan 20: 1-169.
  • Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.
  • Peschkova, G.A. (ed.) (2006). Flora of Siberia 10: 1-314. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Enfield, Plymouth.
  • Singh, A. (2012). Exotic flora of the Chandauli district Uttar Pradesh, India: an overview Indian Journal of Forestry 35: 79-84.
  • USDA, NRCS ( 2021-continuously updated). Natural Resources Conservation Services Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=checklist.html.
  • Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.) (1948-1954). Flora Malesiana 4: 1-631. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.
  • Van Wyk, B.-E., Tilney, P.M. & Magee, A.R. (2013). African Apiaceae: a synopsis of the Apiaceae/Umbelliferae of Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar: 1- 317. Briza Academic Books, Pretoria.
  • Vvedensky, A.I. (ed.) (1959). Flora Uzbekistana 4: 1-507. Izd-va Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tashkent.
  • Werier, D. (2017). Catalogue of the Vascular plants of New York state Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 27: 1-542.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2005). Flora of China 14: 1-581. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
  • Zizka, G. (1991). Flowering plants of Easter island Palmarum Hortus Francofurtensis 3: 1-108.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Flora of Somalia

  • Flora Somalia, Vol 2, (1999) Author: by M. Thulin [updated by M. Thulin 2008]

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Allen, D., Bilz, M., Leaman, D.J., Miller, R.M., Timoshyna, A., & Window, J. (2014). European Red List of medicinal plants. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 10:907382.
  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Burkill HM. (1995). The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols. 1-3. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vols 1-3.
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R. J., Guarino, L., Khoury, C. K., Müller, J. V. & Toll, J. (2014). Adapting agriculture to climate change: a global initiative to collect, conserve, and use crop wild relatives. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38, 369-377.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

  • Art and Illustrations in Digifolia

    Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Colombian resources for Plants made Accessible

    ColPlantA 2021. Published on the Internet at http://colplanta.org
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Flora of Iraq

    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Somalia

    Flora of Somalia
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  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
    © Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
    © Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    Copyright applied to individual images

  • Kew Species Profiles

    Kew Species Profiles
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    ColPlantA database
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  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

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