Moraceae
Ficus

Ficus benjamina L.

First published in Mant. Pl.: 129 (1767)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Tropical & Subtropical Asia and N. Australia. It is a tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. It is used as animal food, a poison and a medicine, has environmental uses and social uses and for fuel and food.

Distribution

Native to:

Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Northern Territory, Philippines, Queensland, Solomon Is., Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam

Introduced into:

Cayman Is., Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Florida, Haiti, Leeward Is., Puerto Rico, Society Is., Sri Lanka, Trinidad-Tobago, Windward Is.

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2012). Nova Silva Cusatlantica. Árboles natinos e introducidos de El Salvador. Parte 2: Angiospermae - Familias M a P y Pteridophyta. Englera 29-2: 1-300.
  • Chaudhary, L.B., Sudhakar, J.V., Kumar, A., Bajpai, O., Tiwari, R. & Murthy, G.V.S. (2012). Synopsis of the genus Ficus L. (Moraceae) in India. Taiwania 57: 193-216.
  • Dassanayake (ed.) (1981). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 3: 1-499. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
  • Dy Phon, P. (2000). Dictionnaire des plantes utilisées au Cambodge: 1-915. Chez l'auteur, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1997). Flora of North America North of Mexico 3: 1-590. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • George, A.S. (ed.) (1989). Flora of Australia 3: 1-219. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Ghafoor, A. (1985). Flora of Pakistan 171: 1-54. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi.
  • Govaerts, R. (2001). World Checklist of Seed Plants Database in ACCESS E-F: 1-50919.
  • Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (1983). Flora of Bhutan 1(1): 1-186. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
  • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
  • Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1-394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Pusalkar, P.K., Mao, A.A. & Inge, P. (eds.) (2022). Flora of India 24: 1-688. Botanical Survey of India.
  • Turner, I.M. (1995 publ. 1997). A catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 47(2): 347-655.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2003). Flora of China 5: 1-505. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K. & Monterrosa Salomón, J. (2012). Nova Silva Cusatlantica. Árboles natinos e introducidos de El Salvador. Parte 2: Angiospermae - Familias M a P y Pteridophyta. Englera 29-2: 1-300.
  • Chaudhary, L.B., Sudhakar, J.V., Kumar, A., Bajpai, O., Tiwari, R. & Murthy, G.V.S. (2012). Synopsis of the genus Ficus L. (Moraceae) in India. Taiwania 57: 193-216.
  • Dassanayake (ed.) (1981). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 3: 1-499. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Calcutta.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1997). Flora of North America North of Mexico 3: 1-590. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • George, A.S. (ed.) (1989). Flora of Australia 3: 1-219. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
  • Lê, T.C. (2003). Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam 2: 1-1203. Hà Nội : Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
  • Pandey, R.P. & Dilwakar, P.G. (2008). An integrated check-list flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 32: 403-500.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Cámara-Leret, R., & Dennehy, Z. (2019). Information gaps in indigenous and local knowledge for science-policy assessments. Nature Sustainability 2:736-741.
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
  • GRIN (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network from the United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.ars-grin.gov/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Basic list of species and commodity grouping. Final version. Pudoc, Wageningen.
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/
  • PROTA (2021). Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. https://prota4u.org/database/
  • RBG, Kew (2021). Kew Economic Botany Collection. https://ecbot.science.kew.org/
  • Ulian, T., Sacandé, M., Hudson, A., & Mattana, E. (2017). Conservation of indigenous plants to support community livelihoods: the MGU–Useful Plants Project. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 60:668-683.
  • Willis, K.J. (ed.) (2017). State of the World’s Plants 2017. Report. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Aug 1, 2013 I Made Maduarta (Pung) [IMM 199] Indonesia K000734542 No
Jan 1, 2010 Takeuchi, W. [16285] K000611610 No
Jan 1, 2010 Ingle, N.R. [528] Philippines K000611554 No
Jan 1, 2010 Takeuchi, W. [16839] K000611603 No
Jan 1, 2010 Ingle, N.R. [482] Philippines K000611553 No
Jan 1, 2010 Takeuchi; Ama [16285] K000611595 No
Jan 1, 2010 Takeuchi; Ama [15552] K000611598 No
May 3, 2006 Berhaman, A., et al. [81] Malaysia K000352357 No
Jan 28, 2005 Garcia, H., G. et al. [PPI 15112] Philippines K000228265 No
Jan 28, 2005 Garcia, H., G. et al. [PPI 15187] Philippines K000228267 No
Jan 28, 2005 Awa, D.,, Paie, I. Malaysia K000228215 No
Sep 15, 2004 Garcia, H; Fernando, L. [PPI 25025] Philippines K000222639 No
Sep 15, 2004 Fuentes, R.; Fernando, L. [PPI 37470] Philippines K000222651 No
Oct 1, 1958 s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K001050354 Unknown Type Material Yes
Oct 1, 1958 s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K001050355 Unknown Type Material Yes
Aug 1, 1958 Elmer, A.D.E. [16038] Philippines K001050701 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599948 Yes
s.coll. [499] Indonesia K004599950 Yes
Papua New Guinea K:SPC-13117.000 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599936 Yes
Jenkins [s.n.] India K005026152 Yes
Kostermans, A. [807] Indonesia K004599974 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Sri Lanka K005026147 Yes
Kostermans, A. [780] Indonesia K004599961 Yes
Lambert, F.R. [C A3] Malaysia K:SPC-52648.000 No
Moseley (Mr) [s.n.] Indonesia K004599959 Yes
Cuming [1936] Philippines K005034689 Yes
Ramos, M. [80168] Philippines K005034688 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K005026146 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Sri Lanka K005026150 Yes
Amin, Ag. [[SAN162744]] Malaysia K004599964 Yes
Kostermans, A. [1514] Indonesia K004599973 Yes
Dewol, S.; et al. [SAN97317] Malaysia K004599963 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599938 Yes
Muchtar [52] Indonesia K004599955 Yes
de Vogel, E.F. [4506] Indonesia K004599962 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599942 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599940 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599937 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599949 Yes
s.coll. [455] Indonesia K004599951 Yes
Kostermans, A. [1514] Indonesia K004599972 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599953 Yes
[de Bandin] [s.n.] Indonesia K004599947 Yes
Kingdon-Ward, F. [7876] India K005026151 Yes
Ambriansyah; Arifin [AA298A] Indonesia K004599968 Yes
s.coll. [372] K004599956 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599939 Yes
Ramos, M. [80300] Philippines K005034686 Yes
Teysmann [[7099]] Indonesia K004599946 Yes
Iboet [372] K004599957 Yes
van Borssum Waalkes, J. [3292] Indonesia K004599945 Yes
Meyer (Dr) [s.n.] Indonesia K004599954 Yes
Soinin; el. [SAN101905] Malaysia K004599966 Yes
Lushington, A.W. [s.n.] K005026153 Yes
Kuswata [290] Indonesia K004599958 Yes
[Bakh v/d Brink Jun] [1867] Indonesia K004599935 Yes
Lambert, F.R. [A81] Malaysia K:SPC-52706.000 No
Lambert, F.R. [s.n.] Malaysia K:SPC-52685.000 No
Ramos, M. [80168] Philippines K005034687 Yes
Worthington, T.B. [6800] Sri Lanka K005026149 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K005026145 Yes
Worthington, T.B. [s.n.] Sri Lanka K005026148 Yes
Jacobs, M. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599941 Yes
Robinson, C.B. [179] Indonesia K004599960 Yes
Lutjeharms, W.J. [4456] Indonesia K004599944 Yes
Kostermans [21241] Indonesia K004599967 Yes
Sindin, B. [63812] Malaysia K004599965 Yes
Lorzing, J.A. [6703] Indonesia K004599943 Yes
s.coll. [4610] Indonesia K004599934 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Indonesia K004599952 Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 4502] Burma Ficus dictyophylla K001039172 Unknown Type Material Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 4502] Ficus dictyophylla K001039173 Unknown Type Material Yes
Gomez, W. [Cat. no. 4502] Burma Ficus dictyophylla K001039170 Unknown Type Material Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 4502] Ficus dictyophylla K001039171 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4502] India Ficus dictyophylla K001039174 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4502] Ficus dictyophylla K001039175 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4502] India Ficus dictyophylla K001039176 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4523] India Ficus nitida K001039228 Unknown Type Material Yes
De Silva, F. [Cat. no. 4523] Ficus nitida K001039234 Unknown Type Material Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 4523] Malaysia Ficus nitida K001039231 Unknown Type Material Yes
Broadway, W.E. [5107] Trinidad and Tobago Ficus nitida K005150661 Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4523] India Ficus nitida K001039230 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [Cat. no. 4523] Ficus nitida K001039233 Unknown Type Material Yes
Wallich, N. [Cat. no. 4523] Nepal Ficus nitida K001039232 Unknown Type Material Yes
Aug 1, 1958 Cuming, H. [1932] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K001050700 Unknown Type Material Yes
Nov 1, 1956 Salvosa, F. [28480] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K001050699 Unknown Type Material Yes
Alvarez, R.J. [23506] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034690 Yes
Mabesa, C. [26354] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034692 Yes
Lace, J.H. [4740] Burma Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026169 Yes
Haines, H.H. [304] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026161 Yes
Harrison, R.D.; L. Co [RDH621] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034681 Yes
Williams, R.S. [516] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034677 Yes
Jayasuriya, A.H.M. [2415] Sri Lanka Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026168 Yes
Meyer, R. [2427] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034674 Yes
Wenzel, C.A. [2515] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034694 Yes
Ramos, M. [76947] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034682 Yes
s.coll. [1544] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K004117254 Yes
Parish (Mr) [168] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026170 Yes
s.coll. [4586] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026159 Yes
Worthington, T.B. [6085] Sri Lanka Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026167 Yes
Merrill, E.D. [9773] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034696 Yes
s.coll. [1146A] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026142 Yes
s.coll. [907] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K004117253 Yes
Whitford, H.N. [48] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034676 Yes
Loher, A. [4944] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K004117256 No
Kostermans [27745] Sri Lanka Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026163 Yes
Edano, G. [78454] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034683 Yes
Hooker, J.D.; Thomson, T. [s.n.] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026143 Yes
Meebold, A.E. [5806] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026173 Yes
Parry, N.E. (Mrs) [1286] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026160 Yes
Worthington, T.B. [3463] Sri Lanka Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026165 Yes
Meebold, A.E. [7917] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026172 Yes
Merrill, E.D. [9773] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034691 Yes
Borden, T.E. [2566] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034675 Yes
Worthington, T.B. [s.n.] Sri Lanka Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026162 Yes
Cuming, H. [1936] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K004117252 Yes
Escritor, L. [20903] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034697 Yes
s.coll. [4586] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026171 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [10309] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026156 Yes
Edaño, G.E. [s.n.] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034685 Yes
Sulit, M.D. [s.n.] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034693 Yes
Worthington, T.B. [4192] Sri Lanka Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026166 Yes
Borden, T.E. [2384] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034678 Yes
Meyer, R. [2192] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034679 Yes
Loher, A. [4943] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K004117255 Yes
Merrill, E.D. [1094] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034680 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [10667] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026155 Yes
Griffith; Bootan; E.J.C. [2602] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026158 Yes
McGregor, R.C. [11229] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034684 Yes
Merrill, E.D. [1934] Philippines Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005034695 Yes
s.coll. [3988] Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026157 Yes
Worthington, T.B. [2460] Sri Lanka Ficus benjamina var. nuda K005026164 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of the Cayman Islands

    • Flora of the Cayman Islands
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Living Collection Database

    • Common Names from Plants and People Africa http://www.plantsandpeopleafrica.com/

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0