Acanthaceae
Avicennia

Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.

First published in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71: 435 (1907)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Tropical & Subtropical Old World. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.

Distribution

Native to:

Aldabra, Andaman Is., Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cape Provinces, China Southeast, Christmas I., Cocos (Keeling) Is., Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Gulf States, Hainan, India, Iran, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Malaya, Maluku, Mozambique, Mozambique Channel Is., Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, New Zealand North, Nicobar Is., Norfolk Is., Northern Territory, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Queensland, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Sinai, Socotra, Solomon Is., Somalia, South Australia, Sri Lanka, Sudan-South Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Vanuatu, Victoria, Vietnam, Western Australia, Yemen

Introduced into:

California

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
  • Debnath, H.S. (2004). Mangroves of Andaman & Nicobar islands: taxonomy and ecology: 1-133. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
  • Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Fernandes, R. & Diniz, M.A. (2005). Avicenniaceae, Nesogenaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae (subfams, Viticoideae and Ajugoideae). Flora Zambesiaca 8(7): 1-161. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Friedmann, F. (1994). Flore des Seychelles Dicotylédones: 1-663. ORSTOM éditions.
  • Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 1-529. MIM, Deurne.
  • Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Hedberg, I., Kelbessa, E., Edwards, S., Demissew, S. & Persson, E. (eds.) (2006). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 5: 1-690. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
  • Iwatsuki, K., Yamazaki, T., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (1993). Flora of Japan IIIa: 1-482. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
  • Miller, A.G. & M. Morris in Miller, A.G. & M. Morris (2004). Ethnofl. Soqotra Archipel. Convolvulaceae + Cuscutaceae. Ethnoflora of the Soqotra Archipelago: 516-524. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Flora Zambesiaca

  • Brenan, Check-list For. Trees Shrubs Tang. Terr.: 629 (1949).
  • Dale & Greenway, Kenya Trees & Shrubs: 581, fig. 106 (1961).
  • Econ. Bot. 27 , 2: 189 (1973).
  • Engler, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C : 342 (1895).
  • Estud. Ensaios Doc. Junta Invest. Ci. Ultramar [in Mendonça, Contrib. Conhec. Fl. Moçamb., II] 12 : 177 (1954).
  • F.C. 5 , 1: 225–226 (1910).
  • F.T.A. 5 : 332 (1900).
  • F.T.E.A., Verbenaceae: 144, fig. 21 (1992).
  • F.W. Andrews, Fl. Pl. Anglo-Egypt. Sudan 3 : 193 (1956).
  • Fl. Madag., Avicenniaceae: 2, fig. 1 (1956)
  • Gomes e Sousa, Dendrol. Moçamb.: 660, t. 214 (1967).
  • J.H. Ross, Fl. Natal: 300 (1972).
  • K. Coates Palgrave, Trees South. Africa, ed. 2: 816 (1988).
  • M. Coates Palgrave, ed. 3 of K. Coates Palgrave, Trees South. Africa: 975 (2002).  TAB. 1 .
  • Macnae & Kalk, Nat. Hist. Inhaca Isl., Moçamb.: 13, fig. 5d, plate III(6) (1958).
  • Palmer & Pitman, Trees Southern Africa 3 : 1971, photo facing p. 1956, photo p. 1972 & 1974, fig. p. 1975 (1973).
  • Peters, Naturw. Reise Mossambique 6 , part 1: 266 (1861).
  • Phytologia 7 , 4: 210 (1960).
  • sensu Sim, For. Fl. Port. E. Africa: 94, 125 et 139, t. 83 (1909), non L. (1753).

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Debnath, H.S. (2004). Mangroves of Andaman & Nicobar islands: taxonomy and ecology: 1-133. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
  • Fernandes, R. & Diniz, M.A. (2005). Avicenniaceae, Nesogenaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae (subfams, Viticoideae and Ajugoideae). Flora Zambesiaca 8(7): 1-161. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

  • Collenette, Fl. Saudi Arabia: 494 (1985).
  • Cufod., Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae Spermatophyta (Supplement in Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux.) p. 803 (1962).
  • Dale & Greenway, Kenya Trees and Shrubs p. 581, fig. 106 (1961).
  • Fosberg & Renvoize, Fl. Aldabra: 219, fig. 35/1 (1980).
  • J.P.M. Brenan, Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire no. 5, part II, Tanganyika Territory p. 629 (1949).
  • Jafri, Fl. W. Pakistan 49, Avicenniac.: 2, fig. 1 (1973).
  • Ju-Ying Hsiao in Fl. Taiwan 4: 411, t. 1055 (1978).
  • Lam & Bakh. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., sér. 3, 3: 102 (1921), pro parte.
  • Moldenke in Rev. Fl. Ceylon 4: 127 (1983) (very full synonymy and description etc.).
  • R. O. Williams, Useful and Ornamental Plants in Zanzibar and Pemba p. 137 (1949).
  • Täckholm, Students’ Fl. Egypt: 155 (1956).
  • Vierh. in Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-Nat. 71: 435 (1907).

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Cope, T.; Murtland, R. [173] Yemen K004570591 Yes
Yii Puan Ching [S42033] Malaysia K004885134 Yes
John, B.S.; et al. [SAN145654] Malaysia K004885115 Yes
Sauveur [153] K004885118 Yes
Barrabé, L.; Léopold, A. [1239] New Caledonia K001609100 Yes
Rabarivola, M.L.; Rakotoarisoa, S.E.; Rajaonarison, R.; Peckering, T.E.; Nanjarisoa, O.P. [OLG708] Madagascar K001036646 Yes
[Martin] [s.n.] French Guiana K004885335 Yes
Dowling, R. [160] K004570914 Yes
{Capt. C.A. Cole} [120] Bahrain K004570581 Yes
Runikera, P.; et a [BSIP10451] Solomon Islands K004570999 Yes
Maxwell, G.S. [s.n.] Brunei K004885122 Yes
Sugau, J.B.; et al. [SIP-B(Beach)18] Malaysia K004885114 Yes
[J.S] [471] French Guiana K004885336 Yes
Inimua, E. [BSIP6545] Solomon Islands K004571007 Yes
Cope, T.; Murtland, R. [83] Yemen K004570589 Yes
[I. Pound] [s.n.] K004570912 Yes
Kenneally, K.F. [7574] Australia K004570894 Yes
Walker, F.S.; White, C.T. [BSIP205] Solomon Islands K004571009 Yes
Melville, R.; Mair, K. [670] K004570913 Yes
Hunt, P.F. [2809] Solomon Islands K004570994 Yes
Trott, A.C. [39] K004570578 Yes
Whitmore, T.C. [BSIP2221] Solomon Islands K004570997 Yes
Barthelat, F.; M'Changama, M.; Sifary, A.B. [138] Mayotte K004885331 Yes
Wheatley, J.I. [580] Vanuatu K004571006 Yes
Melville, R.; Moore, L.B. [5378] New Zealand K004570981 Yes
[Moere] [229] K004570584 Yes
[Bakhuizen] [449] Indonesia K004885129 Yes
Bateson, E. [99] Malaysia K004885117 Yes
Prévost, M.-F. [4058] French Guiana K004885332 Yes
James, T. [305] K004570916 Yes
Boschproefstation [[Ja2197]] Indonesia K004885131 Yes
Coveny, R. [4389] K004570918 Yes
Walker, F.S.; White, C.T. [BSIP205] Solomon Islands K004571010 Yes
Jumatin; Toyuk [SAN92462] Malaysia K004885125 Yes
s.coll. [310] K004570579 Yes
Trott, A.C. [1068] K004570580 Yes
Maxwell, G.S. [s.n.] Brunei K004885123 Yes
Lord Medway [RSNH1514] Vanuatu K004571003 Yes
Mitchell, A.A. [551] Australia K004570895 Yes
Muchtar [36] K004885119 Yes
Prévost, M.-F. [3900] French Guiana K004885333 Yes
Gafui, I.H.; & collectors [BSIP10986] Solomon Islands K004570998 Yes
Batanouny, K.H. [161] Qatar K004570574 Yes
Buwalda, P. [5579] Indonesia K004885120 Yes
El-azai, E. [81] Qatar K004570575 Yes
Waterhouse, J.H.L. [896] Solomon Islands K004570996 Yes
s.coll. [H26/62] Yemen K004570576 Yes
Collenette, I.S. [1517] Saudi Arabia K004570604 Yes
s.coll. [6070] Malaysia K000885464 Unknown Type Material Yes
Milne-Redhead, E.; Taylor, P. [7593] Tanzania K:SPC-24495.000 No
Bisset, E. [5] Yemen K004570594 Yes
[Bakhuiza] [449] Indonesia K004885130 Yes
Mirmanto, E.; Ruskandi, A. [ERI47] K004885127 Yes
Mauriasi, R.; et a [BSIP17751] Solomon Islands K004570995 Yes
George, A.S. [11324] K004570911 Yes
Boschproefstation [[bb14441]] Indonesia K004885132 Yes
Melville, R.; Mair, K. [670] K004570910 Yes
Speck, N.H. [1797] K004570896 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Saudi Arabia K004570605 Yes
Collenette, I.S. [3528] Saudi Arabia K004570583 Yes
Collenette, S. (Mrs.) [72-129] Saudi Arabia K004570582 Yes
Lee, B. [S39409] Malaysia K004885136 Yes
Cope, T.; Murtland, R. [82] Yemen K004570595 Yes
[Bünnemeyer] [1528] K004885128 Yes
Radcliffe-Smith, A. [4183] Oman K004570571 Yes
Madani, L. [SAN90783] Malaysia K004885126 Yes
[Jbrevauri] [s.n.] French Guiana K004885337 Yes
Constable, E.F. [7422A] Australia K004570900 Yes
Elamin, H.M. [41] Qatar K004570590 Yes
Good, R. [247] Bahrain K004570577 Yes
Melville, R.; Moore, L.B. [5378] New Zealand K004570982 Yes
Schimper, W. [s.n.] Saudi Arabia K004570607 Yes
Osborne, J.; Beira, B.; Issufo, I.; Matimele, H.; Mucaleque, P. [JO1328] Mozambique K001295778 Yes
[E Dickson] [540] Saudi Arabia K004570603 Yes
Durrington, L. [00000] K004570915 Yes
Lord Medway [RSNH1507] Vanuatu K004571004 Yes
Collenette, I.S. [6295] Saudi Arabia K004570606 Yes
Curtis, C. [3533] Malaysia K000885463 Unknown Type Material Yes
Ghazanfar, S.A. [SG4280] United Arab Emirates K004570592 Yes
Todd, M.A. [44] Australia K004570898 Yes
Madani, L. [SAN67264] Malaysia K004885116 Yes
Chai, P.P.K. [S27541] Malaysia K004885135 Yes
Stoddart, D.R. [4524] Australia K004570902 Yes
Bhide, R.K. [s.n.] India K000885470 Unknown Type Material Yes
Stoffers, A.L. [925] K004885121 Yes
Dowson, V.H.W. [s.n.] Saudi Arabia K004570573 Yes
Trott, A.C. [1662] Saudi Arabia K004570602 Yes
Curtis, C. [3533] Malaysia K000885462 Unknown Type Material Yes
K:SPC-66453.000 No
Purseglove, J.W. [P5098] Malaysia K004885133 Yes
Melville, R.; Melville, E.F. [71636] K004570909 Yes
Lavranos, J. [4289] Oman K004570572 Yes
Lord Medway [RSNH1508] Vanuatu K004571005 Yes
Coveny, R.; Powell, J. [6483] K004570919 Yes
Smith, L.S. [11434] Australia K004570901 Yes
Smith, L.S. [11436] K004570917 Yes
Maidin [7332] K004885124 Yes
Todd, M.A. [60] Australia K004570897 Yes
Conn, B.J.; Conn, H.M. [4231] Australia K004570899 Yes
Walker, F.S.; White, C.T. [BSIP205] Solomon Islands K004571008 Yes
[F.A.M.] [12] Yemen K004570593 Yes
Renvoize, S.A. [762] Seychelles K:SPC-07386.000 No
s.coll. [318] French Guiana K004885334 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Flora Zambesiaca

    • Flora Zambesiaca
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of Tropical East Africa

    • Flora of Tropical East Africa
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images