Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.

Native to:

Aldabra, Andaman Is., Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cape Provinces, China Southeast, Christmas I., Cocos (Keeling) Is., Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Gulf States, Hainan, India, Iran, Jawa, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesser Sunda Is., Madagascar, Malaya, Maluku, Mozambique, Mozambique Channel Is., Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, New Zealand North, Nicobar Is., Norfolk Is., Northern Territory, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Queensland, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Sinai, Socotra, Solomon Is., Somalia, South Australia, Sri Lanka, Sudan-South Sudan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Vanuatu, Victoria, Vietnam, Western Australia, Yemen

Introduced into:

California

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

• Barthelat, F. (2019). La flore illustrée de Mayotte: 1-687. Biotope éditions.
• Debnath, H.S. (2004). Mangroves of Andaman & Nicobar islands: taxonomy and ecology: 1-133. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
• Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 2: 1-429. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
• Fernandes, R. & Diniz, M.A. (2005). Avicenniaceae, Nesogenaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae (subfams, Viticoideae and Ajugoideae). Flora Zambesiaca 8(7): 1-161. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Friedmann, F. (1994). Flore des Seychelles Dicotylédones: 1-663. ORSTOM éditions.
• Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 1-529. MIM, Deurne.
• Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Hedberg, I., Kelbessa, E., Edwards, S., Demissew, S. & Persson, E. (eds.) (2006). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 5: 1-690. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia & The Department of Systematic Botany, Upps.
• Iwatsuki, K., Yamazaki, T., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (1993). Flora of Japan IIIa: 1-482. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
• Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
• Miller, A.G. & M. Morris in Miller, A.G. & M. Morris (2004). Ethnofl. Soqotra Archipel. Convolvulaceae + Cuscutaceae. Ethnoflora of the Soqotra Archipelago: 516-524. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
• Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
• Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Flora Zambesiaca

• Brenan, Check-list For. Trees Shrubs Tang. Terr.: 629 (1949).
• Dale & Greenway, Kenya Trees & Shrubs: 581, fig. 106 (1961).
• Econ. Bot. 27 , 2: 189 (1973).
• Engler, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C : 342 (1895).
• Estud. Ensaios Doc. Junta Invest. Ci. Ultramar [in Mendonça, Contrib. Conhec. Fl. Moçamb., II] 12 : 177 (1954).
• F.C. 5 , 1: 225–226 (1910).
• F.T.A. 5 : 332 (1900).
• F.T.E.A., Verbenaceae: 144, fig. 21 (1992).
• F.W. Andrews, Fl. Pl. Anglo-Egypt. Sudan 3 : 193 (1956).
• Fl. Madag., Avicenniaceae: 2, fig. 1 (1956)
• Gomes e Sousa, Dendrol. Moçamb.: 660, t. 214 (1967).
• J.H. Ross, Fl. Natal: 300 (1972).
• K. Coates Palgrave, Trees South. Africa, ed. 2: 816 (1988).
• M. Coates Palgrave, ed. 3 of K. Coates Palgrave, Trees South. Africa: 975 (2002).  TAB. 1 .
• Macnae & Kalk, Nat. Hist. Inhaca Isl., Moçamb.: 13, fig. 5d, plate III(6) (1958).
• Palmer & Pitman, Trees Southern Africa 3 : 1971, photo facing p. 1956, photo p. 1972 & 1974, fig. p. 1975 (1973).
• Peters, Naturw. Reise Mossambique 6 , part 1: 266 (1861).
• Phytologia 7 , 4: 210 (1960).
• sensu Sim, For. Fl. Port. E. Africa: 94, 125 et 139, t. 83 (1909), non L. (1753).

Kew Backbone Distributions

• Debnath, H.S. (2004). Mangroves of Andaman & Nicobar islands: taxonomy and ecology: 1-133. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
• Fernandes, R. & Diniz, M.A. (2005). Avicenniaceae, Nesogenaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae (subfams, Viticoideae and Ajugoideae). Flora Zambesiaca 8(7): 1-161. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.
• Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Flora of Tropical East Africa

• Collenette, Fl. Saudi Arabia: 494 (1985).
• Cufod., Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae Spermatophyta (Supplement in Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux.) p. 803 (1962).
• Dale & Greenway, Kenya Trees and Shrubs p. 581, fig. 106 (1961).
• Fosberg & Renvoize, Fl. Aldabra: 219, fig. 35/1 (1980).
• J.P.M. Brenan, Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire no. 5, part II, Tanganyika Territory p. 629 (1949).
• Jafri, Fl. W. Pakistan 49, Avicenniac.: 2, fig. 1 (1973).
• Ju-Ying Hsiao in Fl. Taiwan 4: 411, t. 1055 (1978).
• Lam & Bakh. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., sér. 3, 3: 102 (1921), pro parte.
• Moldenke in Rev. Fl. Ceylon 4: 127 (1983) (very full synonymy and description etc.).
• R. O. Williams, Useful and Ornamental Plants in Zanzibar and Pemba p. 137 (1949).
• Täckholm, Students’ Fl. Egypt: 155 (1956).
• Vierh. in Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-Nat. 71: 435 (1907).