Cyperaceae
Schoenoplectus

Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla

First published in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 299 (1888)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Temp. Eurasia to Africa. It is a perennial or rhizomatous geophyte and grows primarily in the temperate biome.

Distribution

Native to:

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Assam, Austria, Baleares, Bangladesh, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, China North-Central, China South-Central, Comoros, Congo, Corse, Djibouti, DR Congo, East Aegean Is., Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Inner Mongolia, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Madagascar, Mongolia, Morocco, North Caucasus, NW. Balkan Pen., Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Portugal, Qinghai, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sicilia, Sierra Leone, South European Russia, Spain, Tadzhikistan, Transcaucasus, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Türkiye, Türkiye-in-Europe, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Himalaya, Xinjiang, Yemen

Introduced into:

Andaman Is.

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Accepted Infraspecifics

Classification

Kew's Tree of Life Explorer

Discover the flowering plant tree of life and the genomic data used to build it.

View the Tree of Life
PAFTOL

Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Audru, J., Cesar, J. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1993). Les Plantes Vasculaires de la République de Djibouti. Flore Illustrée 2(2): 433-968. CIRAD, Départerment d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire, Djibouti.
  • Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2008). Flora Iberica 18: 1-420. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
  • Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  • Egorova, T. (2005). Synopsis taxonomica generis Schoenoplectus (Reichenb.) Palla (Cyperaceae) florae Eurasiae borealis. Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh Rastenii 37: 49-79.
  • Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
  • Govaerts, R. & Simpson, D.A. (2007). World Checklist of Cyperaceae. Sedges: 1-765. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Govaerts, R. (2004). World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS: 1-54382. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Hassler, M. & Muer, T. (2022). Flora Germanica: alle Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands in Text und Bild 1: 1-864. Verlag Regionalkultur, Uberstadt-Weiher.
  • Komiljon, T., Natalya, B., Avazbek, B., Dilnoza, A., Ziyoviddin, Y., Deng, T. & Sun, H. (2020). Flora of the Dzhizak Province, Uzbekistan: 1-523. China Forestry Publishing House.
  • Mosti, S., Raffaelli, M. & Tardelli, M. (2006). A contribution to the flora of Wadi Abdur (Dhofar, Soutern Oman). Webbia; Raccolta de Scritti Botanici 61: 253-260.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 1: 1-897. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
  • Stepanova, N.Y. (2014). Floristic records in the Southern European Russia (Kuma-Manych depression, Caspian lowland). Botanicheskii Zhurnal. Moscow & Leningrad 99: 1387-1396.
  • Takhtajan, A.L. (ed.) (2006). Konspekt Flora Kavkaza 2: 1-466. Editio Universitatis Petropolitanae.
  • Thiombiano, A., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Ouédraogo, A., Hahn, K. & Zizka, G. (2012). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Burkina Faso. Boissiera 65: 1-391.

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.
  • Audru, J., Cesar, J. & Lebrun, J.-P. (1993). Les Plantes Vasculaires de la République de Djibouti. Flore Illustrée 2(2): 433-968. CIRAD, Départerment d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire, Djibouti.
  • Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2008). Flora Iberica 18: 1-420. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.
  • Egorova, T. (2006). Personal Communication on Cyperaceae 1 Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petesburg.
  • Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.
  • Naik, M.C. & al. (2017). Additions to Flora of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Indian Journal of Forestry 40: 289-292.
  • Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Sita, P. & Moutsambote, J.-M. (2005). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Congo, ed. sept. 2005: 1-158. ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville.
  • Stepanova, N.Y. (2014). Floristic records in the Southern European Russia (Kuma-Manych depression, Caspian lowland). Botanicheskii Zhurnal. Moscow & Leningrad 99: 1387-1396.
  • Thiombiano, A., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Ouédraogo, A., Hahn, K. & Zizka, G. (2012). Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Burkina Faso. Boissiera 65: 1-391.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (2010). Flora of China 23: 1-515. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
  • von Raab-Straube, E. (ed.) (2012-2022). The Euro+Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/query.asp.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Muschler, R. [s.n.] Egypt K002988209 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002988767 Yes
Donner, N.N. [5180] Australia K002989251 Yes
[A. M. Dobson] [270] Afghanistan K002988197 Yes
Radcliffe-Smith, A. [3795] Oman K002988174 Yes
Brown, E.S. [3528] Iran K002988159 Yes
Brown, R. [5967] Australia K001057174 Type Yes
Hemsley, J.H. [L76] Libya K002988291 Yes
Hall, J.B. [3102] Ghana K002989473 Yes
[C. H. Funluyson] [3506] India K002988768 Yes
Donde, V.P. [D46] K002988764 Yes
Watson, G.A. [s.n.] Iraq K002988155 Yes
Irvine, F.R. [2762] K002989464 Yes
Kralik, L. [s.n.] Algeria K002988286 Yes
Clarkson, J.R. [7323] Australia K002989242 Yes
s.coll. [43916] Iraq K002988126 Yes
Hemsley, J.H. [s.n.] Jordan K002988121 Yes
Bisset, E. [14] Yemen K002988177 Yes
Dunlop, C.R. [4692] K002989247 Yes
Cleland, J.B. [s.n.] Australia K002989250 Yes
[Schrader] [s.n.] K002987570 Yes
Sieber [s.n.] Greece K002987580 No
Brass, L.J. [8305] Indonesia K002989086 Yes
Hollrung, M.U. [604] Papua New Guinea K002989087 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Greece K002987582 No
Batianoff, G.N. [GNB911044] Australia K002989229 Yes
Shaw, J. [3] China K001572810 Yes
Shaw, J. [2] China K001572811 Yes
Heyne, B. [3506] K001057092 Unknown Type Material Yes
Davis [45789] Türkiye K002988105 Yes
Wheeler Haines, R. [W 1374] Iraq K002988139 Yes
[L. Chevallier] [99] Algeria K002988285 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [3580] Egypt K002988223 Yes
Raynal, A. [18973] Indonesia K002989016 Yes
Wight, R. [3506] K001057094 Unknown Type Material Yes
Lunt, W. [[91]] Yemen K002988179 Yes
Matthew, K.M.; Venugopal, N. [23123] India K002988759 Yes
Perry, R.A. [1795] Australia K002989244 Yes
de Winter, B.; Leistner, O. [5864] Namibia K002365488 No
Gillett [11165] Iraq K002988147 Yes
Basedow, H. [26] Australia K002989249 Yes
Delia [s.n.] K002988120 Yes
[M. Paucher] [68] New Caledonia K002989374 Yes
Harvey [13] South Africa K000416885 Unknown Type Material Yes
Rawi, A. [19962] Iraq K002988133 Yes
Mavromoustakis, G.A. [77] Cyprus K002988116 Yes
Warren, R.E. [100] Iran K002988161 Yes
Fernandez, J. [710] Oman K002988171 Yes
Furse, P. [7797] Afghanistan K002988191 Yes
Smith, K.A.H. [5989] China K002988454 No
Sintenis, P. [1994] Iran K002988163 Yes
Bové, N. [280] Egypt K002988199 Yes
s.coll. [49] Yemen K002988180 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [8455] K002988757 Yes
Miller, A.G. [7548] Oman K002988166 Yes
Jacques-Félix [7230] K002989469 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Sri Lanka K002988776 Yes
Davis, P.H. [7822A] Egypt K002988224 Yes
Venter, H.J.T. [5359] South Africa K002365580 Yes
T.T. [s.n.] India K002988750 Yes
Drège [s.n.] South Africa K002365490 No
Blake, S.T. [17197] Australia K002989232 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K001737481 Yes
McLeish, I. [2015] Oman K002988188 Yes
s.coll. [890] Spain K002987567 Yes
Davis, P.H. [7818] Egypt K002988227 Yes
{Ali. Rawi} [16618] Iraq K002988144 Yes
Collenette, I.S. [9263] Saudi Arabia K002988189 Yes
Guest, E.R. [669] Iraq K002988138 Yes
Chapman, E. [26244] Iraq K002988136 Yes
Barkley, F.A.; Brahim, M. [7493] Iraq K002988129 Yes
Lindberg, H. [87] Cyprus K002988111 Yes
Davis [50483] Libya K002988292 Yes
Lebrun, J.A. [5058] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002989580 Yes
[Iecama] [G76] Ethiopia K002989650 Yes
s.coll. [324] Cyprus K002988104 Yes
Brown, T.W. [17] Egypt K002988226 Yes
Merton, L.F.H. [2255] Cyprus K002988112 Yes
Curran, H.M. [17290] Philippines K002989062 Yes
Rawi [8887] Iraq K002988127 Yes
Taubert, P.; [W. Barbey] [68] Libya K002988293 Yes
s.coll. [5250] K002988760 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [3610] Egypt K002988206 Yes
[illegible] [s.n.] K002989245 Yes
s.coll. [4009] South Africa K001738311 Yes
Newbould, J.G.B. [1017] Somalia K002989643 Yes
s.coll. [35] Egypt K002988203 Yes
Jordan, H.D. [923] Sierra Leone K002989474 Yes
Jávorka, S. [s.n.] Hungary K002987569 Yes
s.coll. [1603] Pakistan K002988749 Yes
Sintenis, P. [1994] Iraq K002988162 Yes
[illegible] Muller [s.n.] K002989246 Yes
Thómas [s.n.] France K002987575 Yes
Strey, R.G. [9446] South Africa K002365578 Yes
Koyama, T. [14036] Sri Lanka K002988779 Yes
Cope, T.A. [308] Oman K002988165 Yes
MacKee, H.S. [4459] New Caledonia K002989375 Yes
Heyne, B. [3506] K001057093 Unknown Type Material Yes
Merton, L.F.H. [(1045) 1765] Cyprus K002988110 Yes
Musil, C.F. [143] South Africa K002365579 Yes
Ascherson, P. [552] Egypt K002988207 Yes
s.coll. [33] South Africa K002365582 Yes
Coveny, R.G.; Hind, P. [6983] Australia K002989238 Yes
Blake, S.T. [9231] Australia K002989237 Yes
Philippe [s.n.] France K002987572 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] K002988769 Yes
Guillon, A.; Dauphinoise, S. [1396bis] France K002987578 Yes
Meikle, R.D. [2634] Cyprus K002988113 Yes
Muschler, R. [s.n.] Egypt K002988218 Yes
Andersen, J.S.; Petersen, I.C. [476] Pakistan K002988751 Yes
s.coll. [3206] Australia K002989231 Yes
Germain [3309] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002989579 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [20871] K002988772 Yes
Blair Rains, A. [60] Gambia, The K002989468 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [1200] Egypt K002988221 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [993] Egypt K002988220 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] India K002988770 Yes
Hepper, F.N. [5731] Yemen K002988178 Yes
Wools, W. [s.n.] Australia K001057175 Unknown Type Material Yes
Thamer [46652] Iraq K002988132 Yes
Radcliffe-Smith, A. [5280] Oman K002988172 Yes
Bové, N. [1586] K002988119 Yes
Francis, W.D. [s.n.] Australia K002989241 Yes
Koch, M. [188] Australia K002989248 Yes
Thamer [46698] Iraq K002988153 Yes
Shaw, J. [1600] Hong Kong K002988457 No
Chakravarty, H.L.; Rawi, A. [29820] Iraq K002988137 Yes
Griffith [s.n.] Afghanistan K002988194 Yes
Ascherson, P.; Muschler, R. [551] Egypt K002988210 Yes
Ridley, H.N. [s.n.] Indonesia K002989018 Yes
Story, R. [7213] Australia K002989252 Yes
Fernandez, J. [706] Oman K002988170 Yes
Shaw, J.C. [883] Hong Kong K002988455 No
Simpson, N.D. [3440] Egypt K002988219 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [9344] India K002988762 Yes
Blake, S.T.; Webb, L.J. [15656] Australia K002989254 Yes
s.coll. [104] Egypt K002988225 Yes
Zeyher [22] South Africa K000416888 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [BW04] United Arab Emirates K002988183 Yes
[K. Ogborn] [110] Yemen K002988182 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [9344] India K002988761 Yes
Burton, P.J.K. [H668/64] Iran K002988160 Yes
Constable, E.F. [53251] Australia K002989253 Yes
Radcliffe-Smith, A. [3925] Oman K002988173 Yes
Clarkson, J.R. [4967] Australia K002989239 Yes
Omar, S.; Fawzi; Al-Kaisi; Noori, M. [44332] Iraq K002988140 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [7953] Sri Lanka K002988778 Yes
Mohammed; Hosham [29616] Iraq K002988142 Yes
Collenette, C.N. [28] Somalia K002989645 Yes
Irvine, F.R. [2782] K002989475 Yes
[Yasraf Lozar] [3344] Iraq K002988128 Yes
Syngrassides, A. [1661] Cyprus K002988109 Yes
Hemming, C.F. [1575] Somalia K002989644 No
Muschler, R. [s.n.] Egypt K002988211 Yes
Miller, A.G. [6157] Oman K002988168 Yes
Pitard, G.J. [1385] K002988289 Yes
Miller, A.G. [2614] Oman K002988167 Yes
Ehrenberg, G. [s.n.] Egypt K002988208 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Pakistan K002988752 Yes
Vartak, V.D. [22025] India K002988773 Yes
s.coll. [831] India K002988777 Yes
Przewalski, N.M. [s.n.] Mongolia K002988309 Yes
Blake, S.T. [8674] Australia K002989234 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Afghanistan K002988193 Yes
Shaw, J.C. [883] Hong Kong K002988456 No
s.coll. [s.n.] K002987571 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [19029] K002988763 Yes
[Loiseleuz] [s.n.] France K002987577 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [8455] K002988755 Yes
Cope, T.A. [551] Oman K002988164 Yes
Rawi, A. [16536] Iraq K002988145 Yes
Wheeler Haines, R. [W 817] Iraq K002988149 Yes
Blair Rains, A. [55 A] Gambia, The K002989470 Yes
Bové, N. [386] Cyprus K002988114 Yes
Hall, J.B. [3414] K002989476 Yes
Glover, P.E.; Gilliland, H. [724] Somalia K002989642 Yes
Mooney, H.F. [4347] Iraq K002988125 Yes
Ward, C.J. [9458] Namibia K002365492 No
Huet, A.; Dauphinoise, S. [1396bis] France K002987568 Yes
s.coll. [47189] Iraq K002988135 Yes
Wight, R. [1895] India K001057097 Unknown Type Material Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] Egypt K002988201 Yes
Balansa, B. [s.n.] Türkiye K002988107 Yes
Bone [116] Algeria K002988288 Yes
Gillett; Rawi [6492] Iraq K002988134 Yes
Hemming, C.F. [1788] Somalia K002989640 Yes
McLeish, I. [1938] Oman K002988187 Yes
Fosberg, F.R. [59707] Guadeloupe K002989370 Yes
Gamble, J.S. [11229] K002988766 Yes
Miller, A.G. [6157] Oman K002988169 Yes
Duthie, J.F. [9845] K002988754 Yes
Hepper, F.N. [3610] Senegal K002989471 Yes
J.R.; A.R. [6 284] Senegal K002989465 Yes
Hansen, R.V. [W 941] Iraq K002988146 Yes
Collenette, C.N. [28] Somalia K002989641 Yes
Trochain, J. [9470] Congo, Democratic Republic of the K002989581 Yes
Blake, S.T. [9231] Australia K002989236 Yes
Brown, R. [s.n.] Australia K001057173 Isotype Yes
Francis, W.D. [s.n.] Australia K002989233 Yes
[Lindley] [s.n.] Yemen K002988181 Yes
Blake, S.T. [13081] Australia K002989235 Yes
Ward, C.J. [11111] South Africa K002365491 No
Bové, N. [280] Egypt K002988200 Yes
Chakravarty, H.L.; Rawi, A. [29793] Iraq K002988141 Yes
Wheeler Haines, R. [W1374] Iraq K002988130 Yes
Gulliver [s.n.] Australia K001057176 Unknown Type Material Yes
Blake, S.T. [17197] Australia K002989240 Yes
Morrison, A. [s.n.] Australia K002989243 Yes
Aitchison, J.E.T. [560] Pakistan K002988753 Yes
Stapf [577] Iran K002988158 Yes
Adam, J.G. [019175] K002989472 Yes
Ortendahl, I. [626] South Africa K002365489 No
Gamble, J.S. [17740] K002988771 Yes
Thamer [46686] Iraq K002988154 Yes
Koyama, T. [14009] Sri Lanka K002988780 Yes
Koie, M. [4245] Afghanistan K002988195 Yes
Guillon, A. [s.n.] France K002987574 Yes
Bent, J.T. [s.n.] Oman K002988175 Yes
{Al- Kaisi} [43476] Iraq K002988131 Yes
Matthew, K.M.; Amalraj, V.A. [4452] India K002988758 Yes
Coode, M. [NGF 46158] Papua New Guinea K002989088 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [2169] Egypt K002988205 Yes
Davis, P.H. [15426] Türkiye K002988108 Yes
Shaw, J. [268] Hong Kong K002988458 No
Koie, M. [2185] Afghanistan K002988196 Yes
Kerr, A.F.G. [15142] Thailand K000498826 Yes
Bell A.S. (Mrs) [123] K002988748 Yes
Senegambia [533] K002989466 Yes
Hemming, C.F. [1236] Ethiopia K002989647 Yes
[Cidau] [s.n.] K002987573 Yes
s.coll. [7214] K002988756 Yes
Terry, P.J. [3266] Gambia, The K002989467 Yes
Zeyher, K. [13] South Africa K000416889 Unknown Type Material Yes
Zeyher, K. [13] South Africa K000416887 Unknown Type Material Yes
Gandoger, M. [s.n.] Greece K002987579 No
s.coll. [s.n.] Algeria K002988287 Yes
Fosberg, F.R. [31285] K002989371 Yes
Collenette, I.S. [6312] Saudi Arabia K002988184 Yes
McLeish, I. [1936] Oman K002988185 Yes
Raynal, A. [18973A] Indonesia K002989017 Yes
Andersen, J.S.; Petersen, I.C. [455] Afghanistan K002988198 Yes
Stapf, O. [577] Iran K002988157 Yes
Abdin, G. [15] Iraq K002988148 Yes
Royle, J.F. [s.n.] India K001057098 Unknown Type Material Yes
Townsend, C.C. [65/301] Jordan K002988123 Yes
Kotschy, T. [s.n.] Cyprus K002988115 Yes
T.T. [s.n.] India K001737480 Yes
Noovi, M. [41344] Iraq K002988151 Yes
Bové [s.n.] Egypt K002988202 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] India K002988765 Yes
Simpson, N.D. [975] Egypt K002988222 Yes
[SAD] [s.n.] Egypt K002988204 Yes
s.coll. [5943] Iran K002988156 Yes
Gillett, J.B. [15543] Jordan K002988122 Yes
Podlech, D. [19686] Afghanistan K002988192 Yes
{Al. Dobagh; Al. Kaisi} [41911] Iraq K002988143 Yes
de Wilde, J.J.F.E. [4790] Ethiopia K002989649 Yes
Truman, D.E.S. [76] Türkiye K002988106 Yes
Baldacci, A. [169] Greece K002987581 No
McLeish, I. [2113] Oman K002988186 Yes
Thamer [46695] Iraq K002988152 Yes
Rawi, A. [26031] Iraq K002988150 Yes
Täckholm, V.; El Hadidi, M.N.E.; Lahham, J.; Boulos, L. [s.n.] Jordan K002988124 Yes
Ash, J.W. [450] Ethiopia K002989648 Yes
Saldanha, C.J. [13980] India K002988774 Yes
Saldanha, C.J. [16302] India K002988775 Yes
Meyers, F.S.; Dinsmore, J.E. [3293] K002988118 Yes
Wood, J.R.I. [2296] Yemen K002988176 Yes
Pettersson, B.; Ahti, T. [16571] Sudan K002989646 Yes
s.coll. [s.n.] France K002987576 Yes
Krauss [33] South Africa K002365581 Yes
Kabir, K. [14655] Pakistan K001057095 Unknown Type Material Yes
Kabir, K. [14655] Pakistan K001057096 Unknown Type Material Yes
Abd El Ghani, M.M. [2908] Egypt K002988217 Yes

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • 'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2025. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images