[FTEA]
Escalloniaceae, B. Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1973
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees or shrubs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves simple, alternate, rarely subopposite or subverticillate, usually glandular-serrate; stipules usually absent or minute
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers hermaphrodite or less often dioecious or polygamous, mostly in terminal or axillary racemes, panicles, or cymes; in one genus epiphyllous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals 4–5, mostly united at the base or rarely free, imbricate or valvate, often persistent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals 4–5, free or rarely connate into a short tube, imbricate or valvate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Nectaries
- Disk annular or with lobes alternating with the stamens
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens (4–)5(–6), sometimes alternating with staminodes, perigynous, free; anthers 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary superior or inferior, syncarpous or apocarpous, 1–6-locular; ovules with axile or parietal placentation; ovules numerous; styles 1–6, free or ± joined
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a capsule or berry
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds few to many, with small or large embryo and copious endosperm
[FZ]
Escalloniaceae, B. Verdcourt. Flora Zambesiaca 7:1. 1983
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees or shrubs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves simple, alternate, rarely subopposite or subverticillate, usually glandular-serrate; stipules usually absent or minute
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers hermaphrodite or less often dioecious or polygamous, mostly in terminal or axillary racemes, panicles, or cymes; in one genus epiphyllous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals 4-5, mostly united at the base or rarely free, imbricate or valvate, often persistent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals 4-5, free or rarely connate into a short tube, imbricate or valvate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Nectaries
- Disk annular or with lobes alternating with the stamens
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens (4)5(6), sometimes alternating with staminodes, perigynous, free; anthers 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary superior or inferior, syncarpous or apocarpous, 1-6-locular; ovules with axile or parietal placentation; ovules numerous; styles 1-6, free or ± joined
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a capsule or berry
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds few to many, with small or large embryo and copious endosperm
[NTK]
Maas, P.J.M. & Maas-van de Kamer, H. (2012). Neotropical Escalloniaceae.
- Morphology
-
Description
Shrubs or trees, terrestrial, rarely epiphytic ; stems often with exfoliating bark ; stipules usually absent. Leaves alternate , simple , margins entire or often with glandular teeth. Inflorescences mostly terminal racemes or panicles, or axillary and of solitary flowers. Flowers actinomophic, bisexual ; calyx campanulate , 5- lobed ; petals 5, free , imbricate , often spathulate ; stamens 5, free , anthers dithecal, longitudinally dehiscent , basifixed; intrastaminal disc present, surrounding the base of the style ; ovary inferior, 2-3-locular, placentation axile , ovules many, style 1, stigmas 1-3. Fruits septicidal capsules. Seeds many, small, striate .
- Distribution
-
Distribution in the Neotropics
Worldwide, except Africa, the Escalloniaceae comprise 7 genera and 129 species, 2 genera and about 40 species in the Neotropics.
- Escallonia Mutis ex L.f. (39 spp. of which 22 are found in the Neotropics) - Central America, Andean South America from Colombia to S Argentina, and SE Brazil.
- Valdivia Remy (1 sp.) - in extra-neotropical Central Chile.
- Diagnostic
-
Distinguishing characters (always present)
- Leaves alternate and often with glandular teeth.
- Flowers with an intrastaminal disc, calyxcampanulate, petals free, often spathulate, ovary inferior, 2-3-locular.
- Fruit a capsule.
- Sometimes epiphytic; barkexfoliating.
- General Description
-
Status
- The genus Escallonia is native in the Neotropics and the USA.
- Valdivia is endemic to Central Chile.
- Locally the wood of Escallonia is used for fuel, charcoal, and timber.
- Escallonia species are cultivated throughout the world as ornamentals for their attractive leaves, exfoliatingbark, and sweet scent.
- It is often dominant in Andean forests at high elevations. The highest species diversity of Escallonia is found in Chile and Argentina.
- The family Escalloniaceae is placed in a monotypic order Escalloniales in the APG III classification (Stevens, 2008; APG III, 2009). In the past it has been placed in Saxifragaceae (Sleumer 1968) and Grossulariaceae (Cronquist 1981); and Takhtajan (2009) placed it in the order Desfontainiales.
- Literature
-
Important literature
A.P.G. III. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 161: 105-121.
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press. New York
Maas, P.J.M. & Westra, L.Y.Th. 2005. Neotropical Plant Families. A concise guide of vascular plants in the Neotropics. 3rd ed., p. 293. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell.
Mori, S.A. 2004. Escalloniaceae. In: Smith, N.P., Mori, S.A., Henderson, A., Stevenson, D.W., and Heald, S.V. (eds.). Flowering plants of the Neotropics. pp. 145-146. Princeton University Press, Oxford and Princeton.
Sleumer, H. 1968. Die Gattung Escallonia (Saxifragaceae). Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. Ser. 2. 58(2): 1-146.
Stevens, P.F. 2008. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9 onwards. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/.
Takhtajan, A. 1997. Flowering Plants. Second edition. Springer.
Escalloniaceae R.Br. ex Dumort. appears in other Kew resources:
First published in Anal. Fam. Pl. 35, 37. 1829 (1829)
Accepted by
- APG IV (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
-
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
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Neotropikey
Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0