[FTEA]
Lythraceae, B. Verdcourt. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1984
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs, shrubs or trees
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves simple, opposite or verticillate, rarely alternate; stipules absent or minute
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers regular or slightly irregular, hermaphrodite, (3–)4, 6, 8(–16)-merous, solitary to paniculate, sometimes di- or tri-morphic
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals united into a tube (hypanthium), lobes valvate, often with small appendages between
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals free, inserted towards the top of the calyx-tube, alternating with the sepals, folded in bud, or absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens usually 4 or 8, less often many (10–200) or fewer (1–2), inserted below the petals; filaments sometimes of different lengths in the different forms of flower, usually inflexed in bud; anthers 2-thecous, opening lengthwise
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary superior (except Punica), sessile or shortly stipitate, completely or incompletely 2–6-locular, rarely unilocular or multilocular (>i>Punica); style simple, sometimes of different lengths in different forms of flower; stigma often ± capitate; ovules 2–numerous on axile placentas sometimes not reaching apex of ovary (parietal in one >i>Ammannia)
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit capsular or baccate, opening by a transverse slit or valves or bursting irregularly or ± indehiscent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds numerous, without endosperm
[FZ]
Lythraceae, A. Fernandes. Flora Zambesiaca 4. 1978
- Morphology General Habit
- Annual or perennial (sometimes marshy or aquatic) herbs, suffrutices, shrublets, shrubs or trees
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves simple, entire, 1-nerved or ± distinctly penninerved, decussate, sometimes verticillate, rarely alternate; stipules 0 or 2–10 or more, small, subulate, axillary
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or very rarely zygo-morphic, (3)4–5(6–16)-merous, homomorphic or often di-trimorphic
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescence various from single axillary flowers to fasciculate, cymose or paniculate; pedicels usually bracteolate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx persistent, tubular, urceolate or campanulate, the lobes alternating often with ± developed appendages in the sinuses
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals inserted in the calyx-tube, as many as and alternating with the calyx-lobes, sometimes few or 0, often clawed, membranous, corrugated and imbricate in the bud, equal or sometimes unequal
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens numerous (32–200) in the primitive woody genera, often as many as the calyx-lobes, sometimes fewer (2 or 1) in the more advanced herbaceous ones, equal or sometimes very unequal (in heterostylous plants), inserted on the calyx-tube; filaments free; anthers 2-locular, bent inwards in the bud, dorsifixed and versatile, rarely basifixed (Pleurophora and Crimea, not from FZ area), dehiscing by longitudinal slits
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Nectaries
- Disk absent or very small, cupular or unilateral
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary usually free, sessile or stipitate, 2–6-locular or 1-locular (Cryptotheca); placentation axile, rarely basal, sometimes the central axis not reaching to the top of the ovary; style absent, short or elongate and flexuous; stigma capitate or punctiform, rarely 2-lobed; ovules numerous to 2, small, anatropous, ascending
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit mostly a capsule included in the calyx-tube or ± exserted, indehiscent or opening loculicidally or septicidally by valves or by a transverse lid or irregularly, with the placentas forming a central column
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds 2-numerous, various in form, small, sometimes winged; embryo straight, with endosperm; cotyledons flat or rarely convolute
[NTK]
Graham, S. & Cavalcanti, T.B. (2009). Neotropical Lythraceae.
- Morphology
-
Description
Trees, shrubs or herbs, younger stems often quadrangulate. Leaves opposite, less often whorled or subalternate, simple , entire , estipulate, colleters present in leaf axils; blades membranous or coriaceous , venation brochidodromous . Inflorescences indeterminate, racemes, cymes, or clusters, rarely flowers solitary; pedicels with prophylls (bracteoles). Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic , perfect, perigynous , (4)- 4-6 -(16)- merous ; floral tube campanulate to tubular, often conspicuously veined, persistent except in Lafoensia; sepals valvate , petals (0)-4-6(-many), inserted on the inner rim of floral tube, alternating with sepals, crinkled, pinnately veined, caducous ; stamens diplostemonous, sometimes reduced to a single whorl; gynoecium syncarpous, nectariferous tissue present or absent; style simple , slender, commonly exserted , stigma capitate or punctiform; ovary superior , infrequently semi-inferior, (2)-2-4(-many) locular, septa incomplete at apex or vestigial, reduced to thin threads, placentation axile , or globose and nearly free -central. Fruits dry, thin or thick-walled capsules enclosed by persistent floral tube, dehiscing loculicidally, septicidally, or splitting irregularly. Seeds numerous, obpyramidal, or oblong to obovoid and concave-convex, or bilaterally lenticular- compressed , winged or not, with inverted epidermal trichomes in seed coat; embro straight, cotyledons planar, auriculate or cordate , oily. x = 8.
- General Description
-
Notes on delimitation
- Based on molecular evidence, the Combretaceae is sister to the Lythraceae and the Onagraceae. The three families constitute a major lineage of the Myrtales.
- Recent molecular work has led to the expansion of the family to include the satellite families Sonneratiaceae, Duabangaceae, Punicaceae and Trapaceae.
- 15 native genera: Adenaria, Ammannia, Crenea, Cuphea, Diplusodon, Ginoria (including Haitia), Heimia, Lafoensia, Lourtella, Lythrum, Nesaea, Pehria, Physocalymma, Pleurophora, Rotala.
- Three non-native genera cultivated in the Neotropics: Lagerstroemia (crape myrtle), Lawsonia (henna), Punica (pomegranate).
- Waiting publication: Haitia synonymized with Ginoria in Graham, S. A. (2009, in press). Revision of the Caribbean Genus Ginoria (Lythraceae), including Haitia from Hispaniola. Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden.
- Distribution
-
Distribution in the Neotropics
- Adenaria Kunth (1/1 sp.) - limited to South America and Central America.
- Ammannia L. (4/25 spp.) - Old world and New World distribution.
- Crenea Aubl. (2/2 spp.) - New World only.
- Cuphea P. Browne (c. 240/c. 240 spp.) - limited to South America, Central America, Mexico, Caribbean, and United States.
- Diplusodon Pohl (85/85 spp.) - New World only.
- Ginoria Jacq. (13/13 spp.) - present in Greater Antilles and Mexico.
- Heimia Link (3/3 spp.) - limited to South America, Central America, Mexico, Caribbean, and United States.
- Lafoensia Vand. (c. 5/c. 5 sp.) - limited to South America and Central America.
- Lourtella Graham, Baas, & Tobe (1/1 sp.) - New World only.
- Lythrum L. (2/35 spp.) - Old world and New World distribution.
- Nesaea Comm. (3/c. 50 spp.) - Old world and New World distribution.
- Pehria Sprague (1/1 sp.) - limited to South America and Central America.
- Physocalymma Pohl (1/1 sp.) - New World only.
- Pleurophora D. Don (c. 6/c. 6 spp.) - New World only.
- Rotala L. (2/44 spp.) - Old world and New World distribution.
- Diagnostic
-
Distinguishing characters (always present)
- No unique synapomorphies.
- Opposite entire leaves.
- Flowers 4-6-merous, but 8-merous in Physocalymma, up to 16-merous in Lafoensia, perigynous, ovarysuperior, infrequently semi-inferior.
- Crinkled petals, often fugacious.
- Stamens 2-whorled (obdiplostemonous), deeply inserted.
- Seeds in most New World genera with inverted trichomes in the epidermal cells of the seed coat that evert on wetting: trichomes spiraled in Cuphea, Lafoensia, Pehria, Pleurophora; trichomes straight in Ammannia, Crenea, Diplusodon, Ginoria, Heimia, Lythrum, Nesaea, Rotala.
- Onagraceae differ from Lythraceae by their viscidpollen threads and, excluding Ludwigia, also by epigynous flowers with inferior ovaries.
Key to genera of Neotropical Lythraceae
1. Leaves glandular-punctate, the punctae non-secretory and orange-filled, turning black or secretory and translucent.
1. Leaves non-punctate, glabrous or variously indumented ... 42. Leaves orange to black-punctate, non-secretory; inflorescences multi-flowered clusters ... 3
2. Leaves translucent-punctate, secretory, blades varnished by resin; inflorescences 3-flowered axillary cymes ...Lourtella3. Flowers in compact umbelliform clusters; floral tube campanulate, greenish; capsule indehiscent...Adenaria
3. Flowers in loose cymose clusters; floral tube cyathiform, deep red; capsule loculicidally dehiscent...Pehria4. Floral tubes campanulate to globose or cyathiform, about as long as to slightly longer than wide, actinomorphic... 5
4. Floral tubes cylindrical, at least twice as long as wide, actinomorphic or zygomorphic... 135. Seeds encircled by a broad, thin wing — 6
5. Seeds not winged... 86. Floral tubes caducous, distally pleated, (8-)10-12(-16)-merous; leaves with subapical abaxial porate chamber ...Lafoensia
6. Floral tubes persistent, distally smooth, 6- or 8-merous; leaves normally developed at the apex, lacking a porate chamber ... 77. Trees with strongly divaricate branching; flowers 8-merous; placenta appearing free -central ...Physocalymma
7. Shrubs and subshrubs with opposite branching; flowers 6-merous; placenta bipartite, septa lunate ...Diplusodon8. Trees, shrubs, or subshrubs, 1-40 m ... 9
8. Annual or perennial herbs, 2 cm - 2m, commonly less than 50 cm ... 19. Stamens basifixed; petals cream-coloured; capsules indehiscent... Crenea
9. Stamens dorsifixed; petals bright yellow, rose, purple, or white ... 1010. Petals bright yellow; flowers solitary; pedicels 0-4 mm ...Heimia
10. Petals rose, purple, or white; flowers solitary and/or in axillary clusters; pedicels 10-40 mm ...Ginoria11. Capsules septicidally dehiscent, wall microscopically (10x) transversely striated; leaves decussate or whorled; leaf base tapered ...Rotala
11. Capsules splitting irregularly or initially circumscissile, then irregular; wall microscopically smooth, without striations; leaf base auriculate or auriculate... 1212. Capsules splitting irregularly; leaf base auriculate...Ammannia
12. Capsules initially circumscissile, then splitting irregularly; leaf base cordate...Nesaea13. Floral tubes actinomorphic;capsules dehiscing from the apex...Lythrum
13. Floral tubes slightly to strongly zygomorphic, bilateral; capsules indehiscent or dehiscent dorsally by a longitudinal slit together with floral tube ... 1414. Stamens attached near base of floral tube, anthers basifixed; capsules indehiscent, placenta and seeds retained within ... Pleurophora
Notable genera and distinguishing features
14. Stamens attached at midlevel or higher in floral tube, anthers dorsifixed; capsules dehiscent dorsally by a longitudinal slit together with floral tube, placenta and seeds exserted...Cuphea- Cuphea - largest genus of the family, c. 240 spp. Endemic to New World. Unique capsule dehiscence by a longitudinal slit with placenta and seeds emerging for seed dispersal. Seed oils emphasize lauric acids and diversity of composition includes some with major percentages of caprylic acid.
- Diplusodon - second largest genus of the family, c. 85 spp. Endemic to Brazil and adjacent Bolivia.
- Heimia - hallucenogenic, anti-inflammatory.
- Literature
-
Important literature
Cavalcanti, T. B. (in press). Revision of Diplusodon (Lythraceae). Fl. Neotropica.
Graham, S. A. 1988. Revision of Cuphea section Heterodon (Lythraceae). Systematic Botany Monographs. 20: 1-168.
Graham, S. A. 1989. Revision of Cuphea sect. Leptocalyx (Lythraceae). Systematic Botany monographs 14: 43-76.
Graham, S. A. 1998. Revision of Cuphea sect. Diploptychia (Lythraceae). Systematic Botany monographs 53: 1-96.
Graham, S. A. 2010. Revision of the Caribbean genus Ginoria (Lythraceae), including Haitia from Hispaniola. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97: 34-90.
Koehne, E. 1903. Lythraceae. 326 pp. In: Engler, A. ed., Das Pflanzenreich IV. 216.
Lourteig, A. 1986. Revision del genero Lafoensia Vandelli (Litraceas). Mem. soc. ci. Nat. La Salle 45: 115-157.
Lourteig, A. 1986. Revision del genero Crenea Aublet (Litraceas). Caldasia 15: 121-142.
Lourteig, A. 1986. Revision de dos secciones del genera Cuphea P. Browne (Lythraceae). Phytologia 60: 17-55.
Lourteig, A. 1988. Revision de Cuphea P. Browne seccion Heteranthus Koehne (Litraceas). Mutisia 70: 1-20.
[FSOM]
M. Thulin et al. Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1-4 [updated 2008] https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
- Morphology General Habit
- Herbs (often in or near water), shrubs and trees
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves usually opposite, simple, entire; stipules minute or absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Inflorescences
- Inflorescences usually cymose, sometimes congested into raceme-like thyrses
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers bisexual, usually regular, (3–)4–6(–16)-merous, sometimes heterostylous with individuals differing in the relative lengths of stamens and style
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals and petals inserted on a tubular or campanulate “hypanthium” (the “calyx” or “perianth-tube” of some authors); sepals triangular, often with the sinuses between them produced into appendage-like horns
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals, when present, delicate, often with claw, crumpled in bud, red, pink to purple or white, soon falling
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium Stamens
- Stamens usually up to twice as many as sepals, more in some woody genera, inserted on hypanthium, bending inwards; disc absent or very small
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium Ovary
- Ovary usually superior, (1–)2–6(–8)-celled; placentation axile, rarely basal; ovules 2–many; style simple
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit usually a capsule, often included within hypanthium
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds usually small and numerous.
- Distribution
- About 28 genera and 680 species, mostly in the tropics and subtropics, less numerous in the temperate regions.
[FWTA]
Lythraceae, Hutchinson and Dalziel. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:1. 1954
- Morphology General Habit
- Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves opposite or verticillate, rarely alternate; stipules absent or very small
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers usually actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, solitary to paniculate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals united into a tube, valvate, sometimes with appendages between the lobes
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals present or absent, inserted towards the top of the calyx-tube, crumpled in the bud
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens usually 4 or 8, or rarely more, inserted below the petals; filaments usually inflexed in bud; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary superior, sessile or shortly stipitate, completely or incompletely 2–6-celled (rarely 1-celled); style simple, variable in length; ovules numerous, on an axile placenta sometimes not extending to the top of the ovary
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit usually capsular, opening by a transverse slit, by valves, or irregularly
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds numerous, without endosperm; embryo straight
[FTEA]
Sonneratiaceae, G. R. Williams Sangai (East African Herbarium). Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1968
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees or shrubs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite, simple, entire, exstipulate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, solitary or 3 together, axillary or terminal
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx thick and leathery; tube campanulate; lobes 4–8, valvate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals 4–8 or absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens 12 to numerous, inserted on the calyx, often in several series; filaments free, at length reflexed; anthers reniform or oblong, medifixed, opening lengthwise
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary free or adnate to the calyx-tube at the base, 4–many-locular; septa thin; ovules numerous, on thick axile placentas, ascending; style long, simple; stigma capitate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a berry or a valvate capsule with 4–many locules and numerous seeds
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds without endosperm; embryo with short leafy cotyledons
[FZ]
Sonneratiaceae, A. Fernandes. Flora Zambesiaca 4. 1978
- Morphology General Habit
- Trees or shrubs, with normal and sometimes aerial roots (pneumatophores)
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves opposite, petiolate, coriaceous, entire, exstipulate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, solitary or in 3s, axillary or terminal
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Calyx-tube campanulate, thickly coriaceous, 4–8-lobed, the lobes valvate
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals 4–8 or 0
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Androecium
- Stamens 12 to numerous, inserted on the calyx-tube usually in several series; filaments free; anthers reniform, medifixed, opening longitudinally
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary free or adnate at the base to the calyx-tube, 4-many-locular; septa thin; style long; stigma subcapitate; ovules numerous, embedded in thick axile placentas, ascending
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a many-seeded berry or a capsule
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Seeds
- Seeds without endosperm; embryo with short leafy cotyledons
[FTEA]
Trapaceae, J. P. M. Brenan. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1953
- Morphology General Habit
- Aquatic floating herbs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves alternate, floating, rosetted, only present at the upper nodes; stipules small, scarious, cleft to base and thus apparently more than two per leaf; petiole spongy and more or less inflated about the middle; lamina rhombic to deltoid
- Morphology Roots
- Adventitious roots (?) submerged, paired but not opposite, one from either side of leaf-scar, chlorophyllose and thus leaf-like, pinnatisect into many filiform segments
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers solitary from upper axils, pedunculate, hermaphrodite, regular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals, petals and stamens 4, latter perigynous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals white
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary half-inferior, bilocular; ovules pendulous, one per loculus
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a one-seeded, top-shaped drupe; pericarp soon disappearing; endocarp very hard, variously 2–4-horned, the horns derived from the persistent sepals
[FWTA]
Trapaceae, J.P.M.. Brenan. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:1. 1954
- Morphology General Habit
- Aquatic floating herbs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves alternate, floating, resetted, only present at the upper nodes; stipules small, scarious, cleft to base and thus apparently more than two per leaf; petiole spongy and more or less inflated about the middle; lamina rhombic to deltoid
- Morphology Roots
- Adventitious roots (?) submerged, paired but not opposite, one from either side of leaf-scar, chlorophyllose and thus leaf-like, pinnatisect into many filiform segments
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers solitary from upper axils, pedunculate, hermaphrodite, regular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals, petals and stamens 4, latter perigynous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals white
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary half-inferior, bilocular; ovules pendulous, one per loculus
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a one-seeded, top-shaped drupe; pericarp soon disappearing; endocarp very hard, variously 2–4-horned, the horns derived from the persistent sepals
[FZ]
Trapaceae, J. P. M. Brenan. Flora Zambesiaca 4. 1978
- Morphology General Habit
- Aquatic floating herbs
- Morphology Leaves
- Leaves alternate, floating, in rosettes, only present at the upper nodes; stipules small, scarious, cleft to base and thus apparently more than two per leaf; petiole spongy and more or less inflated about the middle; lamina rhombic to deltate
- Morphology Roots
- Adventitious roots (?) submerged, paired but not opposite, one from either side of petiole or leaf-scar, chlorophyllose and thus leaf-like, pinnatisect into many filiform segments; in those from upper nodes segments shorter or absent
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers
- Flowers solitary, from upper axils, pedunculate, hermaphrodite, regular
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Calyx
- Sepals, petals and stamens 4, the latter perigynous
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Corolla
- Petals white
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Flowers Gynoecium
- Ovary half-inferior, bilocular; ovules pendulous, one per loculus
- Morphology Reproductive morphology Fruits
- Fruit a one-seeded, top-shaped drupe; pericarp soon disappearing; endocarp very hard, variously 2–4-horned, the horns derived from the persistent sepals
- Adenaria Kunth
- Ammannia L.
- Capuronia Lourteig
- Crenea Aubl.
- Cuphea P.Browne
- Decodon J.F.Gmel.
- Didiplis Raf.
- Diplusodon Pohl
- Duabanga Buch.-Ham.
- Galpinia N.E.Br.
- Ginoria Jacq.
- Heimia Link
- Koehneria S.A.Graham, Tobe & Baas
- Lafoensia Vand.
- Lagerstroemia L.
- Lawsonia L.
- Lourtella S.A.Graham, Baas & Tobe
- Lythrum L.
- Pehria Sprague
- Pemphis J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Physocalymma Pohl
- Pleurophora D.Don
- Punica L.
- Rotala L.
- Sonneratia L.f.
- Tetrataxis Hook.f.
- Trapa L.
- Woodfordia Salisb.
Lythraceae J.St.-Hil. appears in other Kew resources:
First published in Expos. Fam. Nat. 2: 175. 1805 [Feb-Apr 1805] (as "Lythrariae") (1805)
Accepted by
- APG IV (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
Literature
Flora of Somalia
- Cuf. Enum.: 606–612 (1959)
- Fl. Eth. Er. 2(1): 394–408 (2000).
- Fl. Trop. E. Afr. (1994)
- Fl. Zamb. 4: 276–323 (1978)
- Flora Somalia, Vol 1, (1993) Author: by M. G. Gilbert & M. Thulin [updated by M. Thulin 2008]
- Pflanzenr. IV.216: 58–326 (1903)
-
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of Somalia
Flora of Somalia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
-
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2022. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
-
Neotropikey
Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0